Operations Management in Business WH Smith Analysis

surgerys Management in pipeline WH smith AnalysisWH Smith IntroductionWH Smith was first created by Smith Family in 1792 as a newsagent, in then became the company with the name WH Smith in 1828 and launched the website WHSmith.co.uk in 1999. This success richly growing company opened more stores in Rails stations, High Streets, Shopping Centers and gradually broken its pelf of 135m. The arrival of Kate Swann made WH Smith to run as the mesh competent company in a decade. The success of her achievement is based on how she organized and worked towards her name and address. Throughout this report there ar many explanations related to WH Smiths success using operation worry dexteritys by Kate Swann.Task 1Operation is the trace part of the business which produces unassailables and go. It involves in formulation organizing, dogmatic an organization operations. Organization without a supplying will never be able to success in its business. According to the scenario, the success of advance is based on the Operation Management, which involves a complex set of management activities involved in be after how they wanted to amend their sales organizing leading, by cutting the costs. Kate Swann managed to achieve the target of turning WH Smith into a profitable company by taking into account of the functional management. Following the principles of operation management in an organization will booster the company to reduce the cost of results and service and also in the bastardly time it will help to increase the customers satisfaction towards the product quality and the services. As the operations die is responsible in thoroughlys and services, it is important to support the input and yield to be delivered on time scale. Various input such as capital, labor, and information should be measured in influence to obtain desired outputs. The role of operation management is to improve productivity which will help to improve the organizations financial and also to meet customers competitive priorities. In the scenario it shows that Swann has targeted the teenagers and as well as youthful women for stationeries this coerce the targeted users to be satisfied as well increase the sales in WH Smith.The key elements of Operation managements are known as Business logic, System theory. Kate Swann has understood the business logic in how to increase the profit for WH Smith. She understood how to target the customers and increase the profitable margin. In her success we back tooth manipulate that she has cut the cost persistently which is one of the element in business logic. Applying system theory to a business helps to find out how the environment impacts business process.According to the report of Our Quality Commitments to Our Customers in WH Smith website it clearly says that WH Smith is responsible to play the minimum standards required by the law. If WH Smith reduces the standards and quality towards their customers due the c ost effective they might non be able to success in our goal. For causa low Pigeon greeting calling card shop which was open online is a best known website because customers get best services. until now though it was introduced to the market 2 years ago it has been famous. The reason behind this is their quality and services that they pick up been giving to their customers so far. The customers get the opportunity to choose their cards with uploading their own pictures and also the cards logical by the customers are delivered very b aligning day to their required address. This will impress the customers and make them engender back.The online strategy objective of WH Smith is to launch the Funky Pigeon which tell ons greeting cards, personalized gifts and cards according to the customers need. The products that are sold in this website are very quality as well as cost effective. The services given to the customers are very dependability as funky pigeon is a fastest delivery service. It has the next day delivery services for their customers. More customers may prefer to visit their website as they are non limited by options in cards. The customers got the verity of option in choosing cards. As funky pigeon allows the option of personalizing the gifts or cards the customers may be satisfied in choosing any of the products from them.System is known as the parade of parts which can function independently for the success of the common purpose. For example, System contains the Input Process- Output in an organization. It is immanent that all the collection part in a system work collaborate for a company to be successful. WH Smith should sustain each parts as Input and Process and output to make their company to run in organize planning and control and to be on obligation track Sub-system is known as the complex collections of many Systems in govern to achieve the common purpose. In some other words it contains many Input many process and many output to achieve the goal of the company. WH Smith may contain many system and sub-system diagram for the organization. Following diagram shows the system function in WH Smith.Task 2Strategic planning is an organizational management activity which helps to set priorities, chant operations, and to ensure that employees work towards the goals to achieve success. An effective strategical planning articulates not only where and what actions needed to make progress, but also how it will know if it successful. In order to implement success strategic planning need to hook up with the performance of usable management. in operation(p) management is essential for all organizations. The strategic planning mostly deals with activities of any business organizations such as operations, sales, finance concerned with different level managers. Operational management is focused with the production / services provider level of organizations. There are three stages of strategic planning. They are know n as Economy, Efficiency and Effectiveness. To achieve the profit margin Swann has introduced the stationeries targeting the teenagers and young women. WH Smith started to sell stationeries and sweets at the checkouts. This is a good example that Swann has used one of the strategic planning elements known as Economy. As it is essential assign that reform resources has been used at the right time at the right place and right cost which a management should consider in business objectives. In other hand WH Smith has the big online strategy Funky Pigeon where they work in very cost effective. Swann announce she was pulling out of marketing music and DVDs, she has compared the market and in order to increase the profit margins. And the similarity stores such as HMV thinks that its brave. As she consider the Efficiency, she has compared the performance target she kept to increase the profit of WH Smith. Even though WH Smith has its high street retail it has target the online retailers by introducing Funky Pigeon card site. Effectiveness is determined by examining the objectives and achievement of a company. WH Smith was been losing by 135m due to Swanns self-colored usable management the company has turn into profit of 106m.Quality is very important for an organization. An example of good quality product with less cost is when a customer who consumes the product and services has nothing or less to complain about the product. In the scenario it says WH Smith now sells roughly 65 of goods for every degree centigrade of custom the success is they have carefully reviews the objectives. WH Smith has to review the existing products carefully in order to compare the function of the product required by the customer, who demands them in lower cost. Kate Swann has carefully reviewed and decided that marketing of Music and DVDs are not profitable and not worth of reducing cost. So she completely stopped selling DVDs and started introducing new ideas on selling new prod ucts in WH Smith. They target certain age group to boost their sales. As we can fit in the scenario that it says the teenagers and the young woman have been aimed for stationeries. What Kate Swann has done leads WH Smith for its success.Following the performance objective it helps to add value to the customers in delivering quality products or services. The Quality, speed, dependability, flexibility and the cost may defer as performance objectives. Quality services as known as error-free services. There may be no any complains about the product satisfaction. This can be improved by getting customers feedbacks. For example if we take WH Smith the quality can defer as the store cleanliness, an appropriate and attractive outlet and also very friendly and helpful staff so the customer may like to visit the store often. It also includes the goods conditions. As we elate WH Smith has a big online strategy Funky Pigeon card site. If they fail to deliver their customers goods on time, the y may have bad viewpoint against their services and none of the customers like to continue doing shopping with them. When we look at the WH Smith store it all depends on a customer asking for a product or services and getting it to them, in another word satisfactory of their shopping in WH Smith. As we see in the scenario it says that Swann plans to open more shops which are stuffed with stock and screaming promotional banners. This is a role of operational management to achieve as its based on dependability. It increases the product or service in the market. WH Smith has sold stationary targeting the teenagers and young women and they also started to display sweets at the checkout make customers to bargain for them. If they have not been flexible in introducing new lines to their sales they will not be able to achieve success in their business. Swann also cuts down the cost in order to boost her profit margins. These are the importance five performance objectives that underpin ope ration managements.Task 3For a good operational planning is very important, this will lead the organizations to know what they have to do next, in order to deliver best services to the customers demand. Planning and controlling related to each other. It is essential to consider these methods in an organization like WH Smith as they helps for the effective outcome. Planning helps what to do and when to do in other hand controlling involves making sure that the plans are taken place. The planning and controlling involves cost estimation, work measurement, planning, routine concerns. Based on this scenario we can see that WH Smith has planned how to fulfill the needs of their customers. Kate Swann for example knew that young women and teenagers will purchase their stationeries and mean time the sweet has been display rough the counter in order to promote it to their clients. If Kate Swann didnt think of what customers normally demand, WH Smith may not be able to satisfy their customer s. linear program is a mathematical technique designed to help to plan and make decisions. This will help to maximize or minimize some quantities such as profits or cost. Liner program requires action on what to choose, where Kate Swann need to introduce displaying sweets near the checkout. sensation of the examples of WH Smith success in applying linear program in operational management is when Kate Swann stops selling music and DVDs to increase the profit margin.For renovating WH Smith shops there are certain tasks need to be planned. The future(a) table is the tasks listed down for the shop renovation.D must follow AG must follow A and FH must follow A, C, D and FI must follow A, C and EJ must follow A and DThe above network diagram is an for an WH Smith renovation.WH Smith was running with lose until Swann take over to make it a profit. When we look into the operational outcomes we can see clearly that the WH Smith lose of 135m turned into profit of 106m. Another example of op erational outcome is targeting of displaying sweets at the checkout and also selling stationery aiming teenagers and young women.Quality can defined by the process through which a business seeks to make sure that the product quality is kept up(p) or improved meantime reduces the errors. It requires both management and employees make every effort for perfection. And according to the Scenario it sets an example Kate Swann stops selling music and DVDs and also the checkout assistants attempt to force-feed the chocolates displayed at the checkout areas.Without planning and controlling an organization will be hard to monitor. It is essential to follow the concepts of Operational management in order to achieve success in an organization. Kate Swanns success is based on how she followed the operation management skills in order to bring the profit to a company which was running in loss. As Kate Swann follows these skill it states in the scenario that she has the ability to make a unpleasa nt shops to have profit business.ReferencingSix Sigma, Online,Available http//www.isixsigma.com/ carrying into action/financial-analysis/cost-quality-not-only-failure-costs/Operations Management, fourth edition, Online,Available http//wps.pearsoned.co.uk/ema_uk_he_slack_opsman_4/17/4472/1144836.cw/The Guardian,online,Available http//www.theguardian.com/business/blog/2013/jan/23/wh-smith-kate-swann-profitIntroduction of Operation Management, Online,Available http//highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/0070951675/436573/samplech01.pdfMuhammed Akram Khan, Performance Auditing The Three Es, Online,Available http//www.asosai.org/journal1988/performance_auditing.htmOperational Planning, Wikipedia, Online,Available http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operational_planningLinear Programming, Online,Available http//wps.prenhall.com/wps/media/objects/2234/2288589/ModB.pdfSree Rama Rao, (2009) Operational Planning and control decisions,Online,Available http//www.citeman.com/5031-operational-planning- and-control-decisions.htmlQuality management, Wikipedia, Online,Available http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_managementWH Smith, About WH Smith, Online,http//www.whsmith.co.uk/fcp/ cloy/Help-AboutUs-AboutWHSmith/content

Chocolate Processing Is A Long History Industry

deep brown Processing Is A Long History industriousnessChocolate processing is a long history industry in globular and since it been discovered in the mid 1600, the passion for cocoa grew. When Joseph hot up Son discovered a way to make the first upstart drinking hot coffee bar, its become favourite for sweet and dessert lovers. Since the charter change magnitude substanti bothy, lots of large hot java connection established in the worldwide commercialize much(prenominal) as Cadbury, Ferrero roce, Hersheys and their patsys argon hard identified by consumers. at that placefore java industry is a spunky rivalry global commercialise and it is crucial for hot coffee berry dress shop to purpose appropriate strategical to modify the body structure and war care dynamics to gain an advantageous position. introductory to scheme readiness, umber boutique required understanding the indispensable and remote milieu and its position within the industry by usin g commerce dodging tools much(prenominal) as fig out digest, PEST analysis, and encourage stove analysis.2.0 SWOT analysis of burnt umber dress shopSWOT analysis work is the most common using tool by large plaque whereas it is stand for strength, weakness, opportwholey and threat of the firm or industry. Through SWOT analysis, managers privy better understanding its organizations position within the industry and planning appropriate outline to achieve its mission and goals.StrengthAlthough the rivalry is fierce, chocolate fashioning in Malaysia is quite unique beca exercise almost chocolates harvest-times imported from western company. This given an prospect for hot chocolate boutique to establish their local chocolates make company to urinate brand let out among local citizens. Through specialty commercializeing direct, cocoa boutique established their seventh outlets in eastern Malaysia to fill up the demand increase dramatically from chocolate lovers. Owing to a utter-toned organization, the structure of coffee dress shop is intimately to manage and pull strings hereby reduces the administration and operation expenses as comfortably as overall hail. Further, coffee boutique also gain benefit cheaper cost of solid because Malaysia is a transmit which profuse with natural resources wish wellhead proceedss that widely use to process diametrical chocolates taste.WeaknessSince they are lots of large global chocolate company in the market, as a small company it is difficult for umber boutique to entry because they had come along strong let on toward customers. Again, chocolate is a snack that different hoi polloi has different sea tangle taste and thus whose customers loyal to their flavor brand chocolate would non easily change to the otherwise brand. To gain strong brand expose and loyal customers, cocoa boutique facing financial problem in publicizing and distri notwithstandingion because this required a large sum to be able to compete with other international chocolate company. Further, near of the international brands who achieved the benefits of economic of collection plate enable to sell their chocolate intersections in a competitive equipment casualty. For example, Cadbury who achieve senior high up school carrefourivity and prevail overcaster the cost per unit lead them sell their confectionaries at the lower price and become the price deplumeion in the market.OpportunitySince Malaysia is a tropical country which is luxuriant with tropical return such as mango, durian, and papaya, hereby create an fortune for burnt umber dress shop to search and conk out in the chocolate intersection mixed of shape fruits. Through excogitateing creation and intent, Cocoa boutique launched hot chocolate product by mixed tropical fruit into chocolate as their unique product to maximize customers satisfaction and occupy as the local market loss leader. As example, to da te Cocoa boutique is the cardinal and only chocolate house that came up with distinctive durian tree Chocolate which had been awarded as The close Innovation Chocolate Product 2004 by the Malayan Cocoa Board. strategically, the ingredients which produced by local are cheap and easily to access directly lower the cost of distribution as well as research and development expenses however setting a high exchange price because of its unique. The increasing demands from customers create motivation for Cocoa Boutique to establish their seventh outlets in Sabah, Eastern Malaysia which is one of the famous holidaymaker attractions. Chance comes from suffer efforts. In continuous development, Cocoa Boutique seeking opportunity manages establish outlets in other area or anticipate alliances with potential company to expand its origin scene.ThreatsAlthough the sweetness of chocolates attracts many people, the development of health lodge in stick the passion of chocolate products . According to a health research, chocolate is such a pabulum contributing to diseases like obesity, blood pressure, and diabetes. Chocolate contains high kail, fat and caloric w constituteethorn claim negative effect on health especially those chocoholic inheritances with these kinds of disease. However, this threat changes to an opportunity for Cocoa Boutique to make special less sugar chocolate to contact customers imply. Price is one of the most important portions in strategy planning. Those large chocolate company gain benefit from economic of scale able to sell their products with lower price threatens Cocoa Boutique modify their product price to fool the market impetus and result in less profit.PEST framework of Cocoa BoutiqueThe external milieu consists of variables that are outside the organization and not typically within the short obligate of top charge. Opportunity and Threats are components of external environment which square off the success or disap heig htment of strategy. PEST framework abides an analysis of realistic influences of the broad marco-environment of an organization. PEST stands for Political, Economic, Social, and Technological.PoliticalThe political issue of Malaysia is perpetual although it make up of variety races. As a policy to improve economic, regime offer substitute and appeal local citizens to start up their own headache and this policy had lead many small businesses been established including Cocoa Boutique. Cocoa Boutique takes advantage from political factor when launched its chocolate product range of local tropical fruit. According to the Minister of touristry, these products are in line with governments vision of providing lowerors something unique, a distinct element that cannot be order elsewhere. For instance Durian Chocolate, which is unique and only produced by Malaysia. The local fruits apply in making chocolate would help increase demand for local fruits, and resulting in agriculture deve lopment such as economic spin-offs for Malaysian fruit growers and local farmers so that they can enjoy the benefits generated by touristry industry.EconomicChocolate product is such a luxury feature where people would purchase it when they are with stable-income. Suppose the global economic crisis, people would have less money to spend on luxury items however save their money to buy necessary item such as rice and daily accessories. Again, as outline that many global chocolate manufacturers gain their benefit from economic of scale can setting their product price lower and relatively such a small business Cocoa Boutique failing to compete in price war. Customers who are in middle or low income group would prefer get the global brand chocolate because of cheaper and believed high fiber.SosioculturalMalaysia is a combination of variety race country giving opportunity for Cocoa boutique make water profit by develop differ range of chocolate products to adopt different cultural cu stomers. As example, Malay people prefer the rich taste of coconut, Cocoa Boutique launched coconut flavor chocolate to satisfy Malay group. People lifestyle considered as a find out element in food processing industry. Todays people emphasis on feed or lose weight and healthy lifestyle as a barrier to food industry especially those sweeten snack like chocolate. Many chocolate manufacturers shift to adopt the market manner by concentrate on dark chocolate or low sugar chocolate products which believed would help to prevent from heart disease and cancer. Technological exploitation technological in process manufacturing would result in cost efficacy and gain competitive advantage in the market. eve though Cocoa Boutique is a small company, its chocolate cooking equipments are standardizing such as using precise machine in the process of chocolate making. Handmade chocolate becomes unique and interesting in this century because the trend of technological world. Strategically, Coc oa Boutique launched ready- handmade chocolate as this may attract many people and can selling with a high price because of its unique.4.0 Value Chain Analysis of Cocoa BoutiqueThe internal environment of a flowerpot consists of variables (Strengths and Weaknesses) that are within the organization itself and are not commonly within the short-run control of top management. scorn external influencers, company should analysis those internal factors that are most liable(predicate) to affect the implementation of the front and future strategic decisions. Strengths and weaknesses are such impacts of the structure of internal environment within the company.Value chain analysis, as proposed by Michael doorkeeper, is a way of examining the nature and extent of the synergies that do or do not exist between the internal activities of a corporation. Its comprising the activities within and around the organization, they are design, produce, packaging of the products and distributing, mar ket and sales the products to customer. Differences among competitor value chains are a key source of competitive advantage. Cocoa Boutique using the lowest cost material to make innovation chocolate product such as local tropical fruit chocolate product range. The fruits supplied by local farmers are cheaper however the product able to sell with a good price because of its unique design. good value chain pop offred when the entire stakeholders value maximized. In the disperse of advertisement and distribution channel, Cocoa Boutique maintain long bound chemical bond with their stakeholders such as tourism agencies and taxi drivers by offered sales charge to motor them act customers or tourists into Cocoa Boutiques concept introduces. Customers can visit and purchase such special and quality chocolates with acceptable price slowdown maximize the value of the tourism agencies and increase profit to the shareholders. Cocoa Boutique only distributes and sells their chocolate products to its seven outlets. This may reduce distribution costs but as such weakness of Cocoa Boutique which peculiar(a) its market share and the possible profitable in the future.5.0 Cocoa Boutiques strategy formulationStrategy formulation is the development of long-range plans for the effective management of environmental opportunities and threats, in light of corporate strengths and weaknesses. It includes defining the corporate mission, specifying doable objectives, developing strategies, and setting policy guidelines. A corporations strategy formulation takes place at corporate- direct, business-level and functional-level.Corporate-level strategy of Cocoa BoutiqueThe corporate-level strategy should be delimitate the organizations procedure and the lines of businesses in which it plans to operate, thus providing the overarching direction for the organization. Many organizations begin their growth and development with a corporate-level strategy aimed at concentrating resour ces in one business or industry in order to develop a strong competitive position within that industry. Since Cocoa Boutique established in year 2003, they provided concentrate their business growth and performance in chocolate industry within these seven years evidence that they apply directional strategy approach into their business. They develop long term into high quality chocolate processing and chocolate house concept remembering to provide special products range to customers and build their brand identify in Malaysias market. Since the substantial increase in customers demand when they established the first outlet, they recognise the potential of local chocolate market and strategically applied plain growth approach where expand their business into other geographic mess and increasing the range of product and service to their current market. For instance, the high batch sale of Gourmet chocolate in Sabah motivate Cocoa Boutique to develop a wide range of Gourmet chocol ate to satisfy the particular customers extremity. Cocoa Boutique would not wait for lunch but strive to meet opportunities from the competitive environment. Next step to expand their business, they move a joint venture agreement with a local corporation so called Genting Strawberry void Farm who engages in tourist attraction development. Though the agreement, they alliance aims to acquire substantial revenues by create a diversity theme park for customers to have not merely an existential but learning journey. In brief, the strategy marked out by Cocoa Boutique clearly orientating their corporations vision of continuous festering and developing creation and innovation to maximize their revenues in local chocolate retail market.Business-level strategy of Cocoa BoutiqueA business level strategy is the blueprint that should enable an organization to leverage its resources, so that it can differentiate itself from the competition within a particular line of business. Companies cam paign in planning strategy in order to obtain competitive advantage and then gain superior profits from the strategy they designed. Michael Porter has proposed three generic strategies that provide a good starting range for strategic thinking they are overall cost leadership, speciality, and focus.Considering the rivalry in chocolate industry is fierce, small companies are unable to lead a stand in the market unless they target on the right market member with the right products. Accordingly, Cocoa Boutique employ focused differentiation strategy in chocolate industry which serving only one segment of overall market and trying to be the most secernate organization serving that segment. Unlike other chocolate retailers who sells and distributes their confectionary products on the shelves of minimarket, supermarket or hypermarket, Cocoa Boutique focused on performance in snuff it retail. Based on the potential tourism industry of Malaysia, they pursuing a receding strategy in fo cusing on travelers, who are stable income, may come from local and foreign country and main purpose to visit and on the other hand purchase some autochthonic products, gifts or souvenirs.As stated that chocolate house concept store is rarely in Malaysia, and to date there are just cardinal companies running this conceptual store, one is Cocoa Boutique and another is Beryls Chocolate retailer. To adopt their targeted customers segment, Cocoa Boutique launched handmade chocolate which is another selling point apart from Durian chocolate. The chocolate made with different shapes like the chocolate model design of Twin Towel doubtlessly suit the tourists ask and demand. Due to run a focused on a niche market segment, Cocoa Boutique sells their products price high than the market brand such as Cadburys and Nestle.In general, the strategy formulated by Cocoa Boutique is directly and simply within an undersized coverage merely is potentially in the future, especially in their busines s-level strategy planning. In the market of Malaysia, chocolate products can be seen in anywhere and they are normally Cadburys, Ferrero, Mars, Snickers, and other international brands. Almost of them develop in diversity market with the competitive advantage of economic of scale and well known in the line of international. In accordance with the outlined SWOT analysis, Cocoa Boutique recognized their weakness of limited finance as well as low theme and hence wisely develops differentiation strategy in particularized market segment in order to acquire higher profit with premium price. This strategy effectively decreases the scope of competition environment and evaded the intense price war with existing chocolate retailers. Their effort in business-level strategy also access to strategic alliances in corporate-level. Considered Genting Strawberry Leisure Farm is a potential travel attraction that might balance their strengths and offset their weaknesses, the joint-venture strategy allows Cocoa Boutique to obtain a greater sales impact at less cost. 6.0 Strategy implementation of Cocoa BoutiqueAn idea is nothing until it becomes an action. Even the best conceived strategies are of minute value if they are not implemented effectively. It should be noted that the plan for implementing a strategy might require radical design of organizational structure, the development of new control system, well skilled in use human resources by develop strategic leadership. Cocoa Boutique who is the small enterprise gains the benefit in implementing their conceived strategies because the small fields of organization structure simplify their operation.Operations Decision of Cocoa BoutiqueLocation is such key success in tourism industry and strategically, Cocoa boutique allocated its outlets nearby or within the tourist attraction. For instance, the latest Cocoa Boutique outlet has been established in Sabah, which is the famous vacationland in East of Malaysia. In order to ga in competitive advantage, Cocoa Boutique develops appropriate trading operations decision to implement the strategy and ensure all the resources are used efficiently. Considered travel trade is depend on seasonal workerity of demand, the inventory planning and control should be well- handle to avoid the problem of whether inefficient to meet customers demand or over- order during the peak season. From processing cocoa to chocolate products, Cocoa Boutique decides how much material or ingredients should be ordered and determines the work quantity because food products may have expired date and the pricy costs to storage them with low temperature. A range of customers demand analysis is needed to prevent the food perish and suffer lose from seasonal discount.Quality control is the key role in operating food processing companies because the food is directly influencing the customers perspective and even their healthy. Poor quality control of food and beverage would significant resul t a companys account and vicious aftermaths like involving in lawsuit. To ensure the quality and delicious of chocolates, all the Cocoa Boutique products are produced by using 100% dainty cocoa butter in authentic Belgium recipe following darling Manufacturing Practice (GMP) and stringent quality control that complies with the international standard of hygiene. Cocoa Boutique to build reli king has offer live chocolate making show to customers to indicate their professional chocolate making procedure.In the part of service quality performance, they allocate employees at every corner of specific products range to provide free taste testing and reliable sales advice to customers. The information system of Cocoa Boutique not merely worked in the part of financial and human resource management, but also the key role in implementing their business level strategy. Regarding in the aspect of tourism, customers would not come themselves unless they heard about the tourist attraction from fellows, advertisement from theme and radio, or joining a tour group. Hence, it is imperative to develop in advertisement and distribution channel in order to build reputation among customers. To gain competitive advantage, Cocoa Boutique promotes their attraction by construct long term consanguinity with travel agencies. They allocate vouchers and brochures to travel agencies for customers restroom and offered forty percent of commission for travel agencies, bus and taxi drivers to motive them bring customers to visit their shops.To satisfy these important stakeholders, the commissions from the total purchase of the customers bring by them can be obtain immediately after the customers checked-out. That is to say, a computer information system is imperative to record all the detail of the tour guides and drivers including their codes and the commissions they collected undercoatd on the total purchase of customers they bring. Conversely, the low service quality of commission c hecking would result in loss self-assured among tour guides toward the company and the likelihood of being boycott by them. There is a manager allocated in severally wooden leg of Cocoa Boutique to responsible for the commission-pay system and tour guides service control. To maintain long term relationship, managers would send information about the total commission collected to each tour guides and drivers once a month though e-mail or SMS.Human resource managementEffective strategy implementation should occur when the people required to take action to this end are do to do so. Employees are the key role of sale achievement in Cocoa Boutique because they using direct sale approach to deviate customers purchase their products. Consider chocolates is perishable and have limited life shelf, employees mustiness struggle to sell out the products in advance. Thus, developing motivation strategy is required to increase employees volitioningness to hard sale the products and enhance their prank satisfaction. Cocoa Boutique uses the performance-pay approach to motive their employees. The idea is employees paid a base salary, however is eligible for additional compensation based on achieving accredited pre-approved tasks or goals. For instance, Cocoa Boutique had setting target revenue of entry Chinese New Year holiday, the entire work force of the branch pull up stakes be rewarded bonus suppose they reach the target. The key of success is the managers who wisely develop leadership in the team or branch to build a healthy workforce and thus improve cooperation among employees. In other words, performance-pay plan make it clear to managers what should be pay prior assist because they would get even more compensation. Cocoa Boutique also concern in facts of life and development to ensure their employees is skillful to sell their products and provide appropriate advice to customers. They applied on the line of business training by grant employees to learn jo b tasks by actually performing them. This method, in in some manner has effectively reduce the cost of expenditure in formal training and bring the training meaning to both employees and organization. market StrategyMarketing strategy is about the approach to deliver companys products and function to satisfy customers. misuse decision in marketing would affect success or failure of strategy implementation. Likewise, marketing plan would be determined base on the companys mission. Cocoa Boutique engage in pursuing market leader in chocolate manufacturer and retail which cater for travel trade. They merely concentrate on their performance in tourist market segment by developing four Ps, which consisting product, price, place, and promotion.The Implication of Four Ps in Cocoa BoutiquePlace always the first consideration in developing marketing strategy. Before even starting a business, companies need to assess their own core competencies and then evaluate the place that will compl ement them in business line, geographic positions, or competencies.Strategically, Cocoa Boutique and its outlets are located in the place that is accessibility, visibility and mainly catering for travel trade, for example some of them are located in the Malaysia Tourism Centre and Genting Highlands, which is an international tourist attraction. Cocoa Boutique continuous research and develop in products creation and innovation to become the leader in chocolate processing industry. To date, they offered variety of products range to meet different customers need and want, they including tropical fruit chocolate, gourmet chocolates, healthy range, and so on. Among the various chocolate flavor, Durian chocolate is the unique and best recommendation products because of the selling point of Malaysias symbolic. Others, the healthy chocolate range is even catching on the trend of healthy lifestyle in todays world. They promote this range of product by using slogan Sugar free pleasure without the guilt to attract those chocoholics struggling between health and delicious. In the consideration of Malaysia is an Islamic country, Cocoa Boutiques chocolate product also complying with Halal requirement to encourage Muslims consumption.In fact, the price of products and services in travel trade are usually higher than the market because they serving on stable or high income group. However, Cocoa Boutique set their chocolate products price higher than the functional in common market because of the quality of their chocolate and provides well services to increase customers value. Even they pursuing premium price in their marketing strategy, they have launched a Super Value package to adopt different customers demand. Travel trade is deeply depending on seasonal demand, therefore Cocoa Boutique design different promotion to different special day. For instance, they launched new packaging in Valentine day as the ideal gifts for couples. Environmental fortress issue becomes popul ar in this contemporary since the global temperature again hit the peak in this summer. Most of the country had implemented zero moldable policy to reduce pollution and recently Malaysia started implements this policy too. Cocoa Boutique takes the chance to offer free reusable bag for customers who purchase their chocolate products as a way to promote their products. In consideration of cost efficiency, the reusable bags are made in China due to the low cost and acceptable quality.Despite a compliment marketing strategy is non-executable without develop appropriate marketing skills. Integrated Marketing Communication (IMC) is a concept of marketing communication planning that recognizes the added value of a large plan. IMC can produce stronger message consistency and greater sales impact. Most of the large organizations engage in improved integrated offering by acquire promotion agencies, public relations firms, package design consultancies, mesh situation developers, and direct mail houses. Cocoa Boutique promotes their attractiveness by take part in Tourism Malaysia Promotion Board created by Malaysia Ministry of Cultural, Art and Tourism. Furthermore, they organized public relations activities in order to build good reputation and well-known brand in the segment of tourists. Even a small company, they hired package design consultancies and web site develops in the way to improve their business visibility, build brand identify and customer loyalty and finally result in increase sales.Strategic leadershipA key strategic role of managers is to provide strategic leadership for their subordinates. Hereinbefore all strategies would not implement successfully without leadership by an effective leader. Take a place of managers of Cocoa Boutique is vital to develop leadership characteristics such as emotional wisdom and empowerment. Emotional intelligence (EQ) is the ability to recognize and manage emotion. A leader who is high degree of EQ understands his rol e in the organization and ability to control them mood and drive subordinates motivation to complete different job tasks. Meanwhile, they also develop empathy and social skill to build good relationship with the employees and help to earn loyalty from employees. Considering Malaysia built up with various racial, the workforce of Cocoa Boutique likely consists by different culture and religion. Managers should well handle in conflicts settlement and strive to maintain harmony in the workforce. Managers may develop mentoring by allocates the experienced employee even themselves to coach new employee to build good attitude and behavior modeling in the branch on the other hand increase communication among them. When employees seek some one as the model in the organization, they willing to pursue the goals and do high loyalty to the career.Empowering subordinates or employees to make decisions is a good motivational tool. Such employees involve in decision making would increase their jo b enrichment and satisfaction and thus enhance their motivation to perform better. There is high empowering in Cocoa Boutique where managers need the opinions and suggestions from employees regarding the customers perspective and value to their products. The employees opinions sometimes helpful in research and development of new products which likely pertain customers need and want. Others, Cocoa Boutique also give high slip by to each branch managers to manage the operation as long as they keep their performance in sales and services quality.7.0 ConclusionIn general, the strategic formulated by Cocoa Boutique is only present on the travel trade and implemented by simply managing people, develop marketing purpose and operating management to satisfy all the stakeholders of the organization, such as shareholder, employees, and the agents involving in travel trade. A strategic that focuses on specific market is rather good because concentrates on single business unquestionably easy to manage and control, yet, the business scope is limited and pin down the potential profits in other markets. In continuous develop in local market, Cocoa Boutique should expand their business scope to increase awareness among customers to their brand and impact on sales.

Systems for Occupational Health and Safety Management

Systems for occupational wellness and base hit ManagementSocial occupational wellness and safe pr performice bring forth arrangings for occupational wellness and recourse focal point practiceUnit bill 5615Assessment tax 1Audit of wellness and safe system and account booksYour analyse essential intromit the following stepsdetermine any fuck offupal consumements for the access to and documentation of lock displace wellness and caoutchouc systems and records. You must follow the organisational requirements of your rickplace or work placement.Document flesh out of the records and study stored in these health and asylum systems. At a lower limit your audit of systems and records must includeAccident records, policies, standards, labor description, procedures, preparation records, manuals, inventories, profess registers, any other health and pencil eraser systems used in your workplace. hand and document your administrations standards for records and informat ion for all(prenominal)(prenominal) of the health and caoutchouc systems. These standards whitethorn join to industry specific or internal standards, codes of practice, jurisprudence or regulations, conventions, bran-new Zealand and overseas standards for beas such as health and precaution at work, apoplexy recompense, management of resources, and conservation of the environment.Establish and document the main legislative requirements for each of these systems.Comp be the records and information you documented on each of the systems with the organizational and legislative requirements you determine. Document the gaps identified.Provide an explanation of the degree to which each system multiply by the audit meets organizational standards and legislative requirements.(recording only whether or non requirements were met does not meet the requirements for the auditDocumentAuditOrganizations standardslegislative requirements equality of organizational and legislativeRequirem entsAccident recordsAccident and near misses argon record in the accident or chance register. Accident form draw details such as date, time, place that the accident or incident happen, who was involved, how the accident takes place, what injuries were sustained.Blank forms are available from the health and safety officer, organizational requirement is for forms to be completed and checked by the health and safety officer,All organization must keep a register of every(prenominal) accidents that occur in the workplace.T here can be a figure of incidents that occur at Auckland city ministry that require we keep a record of what has occurred to project the safety of wholly people involvedMostly met organization require the accident and near misses will be recorded on an accident report form, scarce in that respect is fewer thins missing in the form like details of the accident and the further actions for solution.StandardsIt is a rouse that written the requirements, specificat ions and guidelines for supply.A type of standards try to make sure the safety of products and services can help employees work safe. Might describe as what staff need to do in safe way. It provide a goodness work environment without bump of tarnish, illness or remnant for the employees rubber eraser place of workSafe system of workSafe plant and machineryCompetent staffRegulations 1985 Fire safety evacuation of twist regulations 2006-the health and disability services standards set requirement for employees bewilder disabilities.-ACOP for the management of noise in the workplaceMetOrganization standards provide a good and safe work environment for staff. It including noise control, fire evacuation, smoke slack and comfortable safe environment. Legislative requirement specific industry standards in the industry, for example the health and disability services standards.Policy and proceduresPolicy guidelines or rules that require certain behaviour or actions.Procedure sequenc e of activities or steps to be followed.There are procedures to guide the staff how to perpetrate services in the workplace and be safe to avoid injury or accident to staff or customers.-fire safety and evacuation ofBuildingsRegulations 2006. Health and safety in employment act 1992Health and safety in employment regulations 1995.Human rights act 1993Smoke-free environment act 1990The employers must provide safety work place for employees the organizations must have procedures and policies to visualise the safety of employees.Mostly metThe organization requirement is make sure thither is correct indemnity and procedures to help staff perform in the work and provide the safe work place. entirely thither are few things missing in the fire legislative requirement is to have procedures and policies in place to ensure the safety of employees.ManualsManuals are written guides that usually cover the specific processes associate to an aspect of health and safety , a brochure that cont ains a number of different policies and procedures related to health and safetyThis have manual books to guide the staff how to use equipment and perform correct in the work.Health and safety act 1992Safe, health and welfare at work regulations 2007, identification of dangers.Employer required to investigate and determine significant hazard, - raving mad substances and new organisms act 1992MetManuals are available for staff to check and it have different policies and procedures related to health and safety guides that cover the specific processes related to an aspect of health and safety. act registersHazard register is a tool to record all hazard/potential hazards identified in workplace. It is normal to record whether the hazard has been eliminated, set-apart, or minimized.All homes be essay assessed to commit the hazards and risks to the staff, clients and visitors. The organization will identify, assess, and manages the actual and potential hazards particularly to our work place and over which it has authority or influence.Hazardous substance regulation 2001Injury prevention rehabilitation and compensation act 2001.Not met.Organizational standards is that the hazard register should be up to date and reviewed by the health and safety officer, but founded that the register was overage and no details or further action for hazards.Legislative workplaces should make sure that there are effective methods in place for identifying hazards that may affect employees at work . They must also identify shipway to assess these hazards. business line descriptionsIt includes trading title and the responsibilities for health and safety, the specific health and safety responsibilities.All employee job description are clearly outline and had a theatrical role on health and safety. The reequipments is for health and safety responsibilities to be included in all employee job descriptionHealth and safety act 1992Job description that contain health and safety responsib ilities and expectations that are clearly described in their contract.MetThe organization job description include the employees responsibilities in health and safety system and heath and safety expectations of the employee.Legislative require job descriptions must contain health and safety responsibilities and expectations in the contract.Training recordsThere is legal requirements to keep records of traning.All employees should be adequately trained to complete their work safety according to the health and safety in employment act.The occupational health and safety awareness training provides a basic understanding of theOccupational Health and Safety Act(OHSA), and does not tack any sector specific, hazard specific, or competency specific training.The Occupational Health and Safety Awareness and Training regulation requires health and safety awareness training for every worker and supervisor underOntarios Occupational Health and Safety Act(OHSA). The regulation came into force Jul y 1, 2014.MetAll the staff are well trained here.InventoriesTheType of health and safety items kept as inventory will vary by type of business.There are many inventories here, they are first aid kits, and fire extinguisher, emergency damn, blood line risk, cell phone tracle safety.Work involving hazardous substances(example requiring an inventory of all hazardous substances used, handled, or stored in the workplace be prepared and maintained/introducing requirements for establishing health monitoring (to be paid for by the business) and storage of monitoring results)MetThe inventories here are all met the requirement of the legislation.Assessment task 2 get up a plan for improvements to occupational health and safety systemsIn this task you are required to use the results of your workplace health and safety audit to determine an order of priority for the improvement of systems. Once you have naturalised the order of priority, you are to damp and document a plan cover version all systems that have not met requirements.Your plan must include identification and prioritisation of systems not meeting organizational standards. Prioritisation must be completed base onThe degree of compliance with relevant legislation and standardsAssessment of the conditional relation of hazardsCost-benefit analysisProposed strategies and corrective actions for each of the non-complaint systems in line with the organizational acculturation of your workplace. When considering the type of corrective action needed you must take into account. surface and location of the workplaceFinancial viability of the organizationExisting management systems inscription to ISO or other quality managementYour plan, including your proposed strategies and corrective actions, must be approved by your workplace supervisor or manager.Health and safety systemDegree of compliance/conformityAssessment of hazard/riskCost-benefit analyzeAccident recordsMostly compliance with health and safety legislation. But no further actions for the hazard management to solve the problem. graduate(prenominal) risk as the further actions have not been done, so the accident efficacy happen again.The greet of training and re-design the form is low. The benefit for safety and met legislation is high.standardsThe document for safeproper storagedisposal of work must be followedRisk of harm for staff and residents, no evidence to cover yourself.The cost of making standard is low, but the benefit is high.Policy and proceduresNo procedure to infection controlHigh riskMany clients suffer from diarrhea so if there is no infection control procedures for the staff member to follow, it will be brace cross infection and potential hazards in the workplace.The cost of developing policy and procedure is low. The benefits for met legislative requirements are high. The benefits to minimi sing the risk is high.manualsThere are some(prenominal) pages missing for how to follow the infection control steps.Medium ri skThe cost of developing a policy and procedures is low. But it have titanic benefit for the residents and staff members to protect theirselves.Training recordsThe work place require training records, havent completed training records in last six month. submissive in organizational requirements, employees have had the appropriate training for their roles in the organization.The cost of training staff is low, but the benefit for the whole organization is high.Hazard registerA hazard register was in place, but there were no records to show what had been done to eliminate, isolate, or minimi se each identified hazards.The risk of injury is high if hazards are not being eliminated, isolated and minimi sed.The cost of compliance will vary according to hazards. There is a significant potential cost through in potential injury, there is a legal obligation to do everything practicable to provide a safe work place for employee-so hazard must be managed.Job descriptionHealth and safety were included in standard employee contracts. However, organizational requirements for health and safety responsibilities to be included in all employee job description contracts.Not compliance.High fix to employer to employee contract. Not base on the health and safety, just focus on the job.The cost of fix the job description is low but the benefit is high.Strategy to develop health and safety responsibility section in staffs job description and contract. castigate actions review staffs job description and contract,-.find template in accordance with legislative requirements, Confirm with legal ad visor-Complete health and safety responsibilities section into staffs job description contract. develop a plan to address staffing rime-ensure all staff can manage stress well-health and safety records on organization might be need to keep.Health and safety act 1992Duties relating to health and safety in employment, duties of employers in relation to hazards management.How to identify the haz arda, every employer should ensure that there are in place effective methods for manage the hazard.b, consistently identifying ex sting hazards to employees at work.c, systematically identifying if possible before, and otherwise us, they arise new hazards to employees at work.d, regularly assessing each hazards identified, and determine whether or not it is a significant hazards.Strategies for the problemdevelop policies and procedures, health and safety responsibilities in the job description, how we develop things to do infection control, health and safety section in the fixed contract.Promote health wellbeing in workplace, how we do thatEducate staff how to handle altercate behaviourEnsure all identified hazard in organization avoided.Evacuation natural disaster, training records, document, fires, educate staff fire procedures, ensure staff all trained in fire day.The companionship is base size that consists full time staffs and around 20 contracts. Due to the company is facing tough financial time and the feature of their service delivery, the dodging and corrective actions are considered as necessary and economic.Cultural difference is taken inti account, because of most of staff are from overseas and have english as a second language. A introduction training may be hold if needed. It aims to ensure all staffs receive correct and adequate information about health and safety responsibility. In addition, if the english is difficult for some overseas staff understand, a translation copy could be given, furthermore, a training record is highly recommended as an evidence should the organization s actions which follow the legislative requirements.Reference listHealth and safety in employment act 1992, retrieved from www. http//www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1992/0096/latest/whole.htmlHealth and safety awareness training for workers, retrieved from http//www.labour.gov.on.ca/english/hs/training/

The Impact Of Education

The Impact Of genteelnessEvery course of instruction the Mauritian establishment devotes an increasingly large sh are of its budget to the cultivation of the command sector. The indicate for such(prenominal) an schooling in brass investment in knowledge lies in the belief that discipline has a beam pretend on the sparing emergence of the land. In most evolution countries, like Mauritius for example, culture is regarded as a powerful instrument for reduction indigence and removing br separately and income inequalities, improving frugal evolution and standards of living, and supporting the verdant to reinforce its autonomy. Appiah and McMahon (2002), Burneth et al. (1995) and others bring up that fosterage also has some irrefutable validatory do such as increasing longevity, improving democratization and political stability, and reducing beggary and crimes. record is considered as an investment in pitying dandy. Human enceinte can be described as the friendship, abilities and skills of an individual, acquired through breeding, training and experience, which help the latter to be more deep and olibanum improve his capableness income earning. Ismael (1998), Becker (1964) and Mincer (1974) restrain emphasized on the accompaniment that, by put in military personnel beings, we provide gain from some forms of benefits in the future. However, Blankneau and Simpson (2004) honor no clear raise on the link between government spending on didactics and sparing egression.Human bully is angiotensin converting enzyme of the most important components of sustainable sparing development of a country as illustrated by Lucas (1988) and Romer (1990) in their mod maturement literature. The expanded neoclassic yield model essential by Mankiw, Romer and Weil (MRW) (1992) and the endogenous growth models developed by Lucas (1988), Romer (1990), Barro (1990) and others select only recently stressed on the immenseness of homosex ual capital in growth theories. Even though human capital incorporates wellness, experience, skills, education and other social itemors, in this paper we testament concentrate only on the role of education and its effect on the economical development of Mauritius. One problem that arises is when dealing with the measurement of human capital. In fact, there is no agreed definition of which proxy should be use to represent human capital. Gener tout ensemble toldy, the mediocre number of geezerhood of t distributivelying has long been seen as a convenient proxy. Some researchers, for example, Mankiw et al. (1992) use unoriginal enrollment as proxy for education and Barro (1998) uses enrollment in contrasting levels of education, i.e. primary, secondary and 3rd, and also enrollment by gender as proxies. In our nurture we pass on be using the average number of years of different school daying levels as proxies for education. Petrakis and Stamatakis (2002) nourish stressed on the fact that each different level of education has different jounce on growth. For example, they find that the effect of primary and secondary education on the economic growth of developing countries is more of import than that of tertiary education, and for developed countries it is the puff situation that takes place.Since it improves human capital, we could say that education does affect economic growth predominantly, but actually, the impact of education on the economic development is rather ambiguous. There were countless debates over the years by researchers over whether education has a positive, negative or no affinity at all with the economic growth of a country. Barro (1991) finds that education has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. He observes that any rise in enrollment rate, raises gross domestic product too. De Meulmester and Rochet (1995) provide evidence that this relationship whitethorn non always be true. Devarajan et al. (1996) find t hat education has a negative impact on economic growth for some developing countries. They deduce that developing countries are non productive at the margin because these countries do not fairly allocate their public capital white plague and this explains the opposing relationship between education and economic growth. Some other researchers, such as Hanushek and Woessmann (2007), find that it is in fact the note of education that promotes economic development and not the quantity of schooling or schooling development. They observe that the skills of the community directly affect the distribution of income and economic growth. The purpose of this paper is to visit the impact of education on the economic growth of Mauritius.2.1 Effects of pedagogyEducation is a never ending process and as express in a famous diction, Education starts from the womb and ends in the tomb. Education benefits the society by helping to join on economic growth, reducing poverty, reducing crimes, in creasing engrossment etc and also helps the individual to earn higher income and consequently improves the latters living standard.The figure below gives a rsum of the set up of education at the micro and macro levels.Source Michaelowa, Katharina. (2000) Re flings to Education in Low Income Countries Evidence for Africa.The above diagram shows the micro and macro make of education. There are irrefutable evidences that connect education to economic growth and education in form of human capital boosting productivity. Education is in fact productivity-enhancing. It is said that a person without basic literacy and numeracy skills abide umteen difficulties in completing basic tasks of everyday life, which therefore shows the grandeur of education.Education affects the growth of the economy in various ways. We here discuss the direct effects of education. Education is said to be connected to the notion of empowerment. Individuals with a certain level of higher education not only g ain good job with interesting reinforcement but also attach productivity of the economy. Some studies have shown that GDP per capita rises by 1 to 3 percentage points following a 1 percentage point increase in school enrollment rates. Therefore, education is said to increase individuals wages along with the augmentation of productivity and finally GDP per capita.Here we discuss indirect effects of education. According to Glewwe (1999), Schultz (1993), Hobcraft (1993), and Thomas, Strauss and Henriques (1991) mothers schooling have indirect positive effects on the economy. It is said that an additional year of mothers schooling will pass water the child to be in a better health and win them to learn which will eventually increase their chances to be a productive person in the future and affect the economy positively.Furthermore, meliorate individuals are more likely to be aware about family planning and this will ultimately reduce childbirth. This results in families having more or less 1 to 2 children, that is, a smaller family where more metre is dedicated to the childrens education. This solicitude in return motivates the children to be more motivated at school and have better results. These children are thus encouraged to pursue their education to higher levels.Moreover, educated doers are more likely to adapt to new-made technology and new working techniques easier than illiterate workers. It is also said that an educated workforce is more productive than an uneducated workforce, that is, the return of an educated worker is higher compared to that of an uneducated one. Higher returns have a positive impact on the economic growth.Michaelowa (2000) uses the example of an educated farmer who uses new unpolished techniques to produce goods. Through education, the farmer will acquire the knowledge and skills need to use these new agricultural techniques and therefore he will be more productive compared to other farmers who are still using convention al techniques. The other farmers in the neighborhoods will tend to do the same in holy order to achieve higher profits, so this causes both the farmer and the neighbors to have higher returns and in turn increases GDP per capita.Mincer (1974) says that there is a relationship between education and individual earnings which in turn produce private returns. The Mincerian equation helps to differentiate between the different levels of education and distinguish their effects on the economy. He also brings that an additional year of schooling will lead to higher private returns.2.2 Theoretical mannequinRamsey (1928), Solow (1956), Swan (1956), Cass (1965) and Koopmans (1965) among others developed the neoclassic model of economic growth. In his model, Solow (1956) claimed that cardinal important factors determined growth, namely the quantity of ram and the capital stock. The neoclassical model assumes diminishing returns to capital and labour independently, and the input-output rat io is determined by exogenic technological factors. This model does not take into account the effects of factors such as human capital, health etc on the economic development. In fact, Schulz (1961) proved that labor and capital did not explain completely the increase in output and Lucas (1988) pointed out that investment in human capital is one of the main determinants of economic development. Moreover, in order to offset the unfavourable effects of diminishing returns, thus allowing the economy to grow, the neoclassical model suggests that the country must invest heavily in technology. In theory, this is one of the reasons why low-income countries with low ratios of capital to labor are likely to grow hurried than rich countries. But empirical results have shown some inconsistencies with this hypothesis as demonstrated by Summers and Heston (1988).Later, Lucas (1988), Romer (1990), Barro (1991) and others developed the endogenous growth models in order to overcome the shortcomin gs of the neoclassical growth models. In the endogenous growth model, exogenous technological progress does not affect steady growth. This model introduces human capital as an input in the form of effective labor and implies that the appeal of human capital directly affects labour productivity. The main balance between effective labour and physical labour lies in the fact that the former is calculated by taking into account labour caliber such as educational level, training and skills. Both Lucas (1998) and Romer (1990) have utilise agents to represent the effects of human capital in their models respectively. According to Romer (1990), human capital is the decisive input that generates new products and technology in the query Development sector and therefore this implies that countries with high levels of human capital stocks will grow faster due to the more rapid development of new products and technology generated by them. Lucas (1988) incorporates human capital in his mode l and claims that the accumulation of human capital will enhance productivity of other factors and thus will boost economic growth. He also affirms that never-ending increases in human capital will result in never-ending economic growth. In his model, human capital is a measure of abilities and skills used in production by a worker. However, Grossman and Helpman (1994) state that it is some form of knowledge which can eventually cause never-ending growth, not human capital.Schultz (1999) outlines the importance of human capital through education and health in determine economic growth. He insists that education increases both peoples awareness and their investments on health services, and also healthy people tend to be more in force(p) and therefore more productive.2.3 Empirical EvidenceBarro (1991) finds that education and economic growth are highly correlated. He uses enrollment rate as a proxy for education and per capita GDP as a proxy for economic growth. Data are collected c rossways more than 100 countries during the years 1960 to 1990 and Barro finds that each additional year of enrollment increases per capita GDP. Bils and Klenow (2000) also come across similar results in their research. They find that variation in schooling explains near one third of the variation in economic growth. Although Bils and Klenow (2000) provide evidence of the positive relationship between education and economic development, they also claim that more growth could result in more education and not the opposite, i.e. there is a reverse causation effect.Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995) use cross-country selective in governance made up of 90 countries over the time span 1965-1985. They employ the AK framework, which displays constant return to capital as it assumes that the other elements (labor and technology) that determine GDP grow proportionately with capital. In other words, each increase in capital increases output correspondingly. Their results indicate strong positive relationship on the long- tip between average GDP per capita and the level of educational attainment, call of trade and life expectancy. However, some researchers claim that the type of regressions performed by Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995) may be subject to reverse causation effect as give tongue to before. For example, a rise in GDP could increase investment in education as the economy develops. Such type of results will have great influence on our research as we want to study the impact of education on the economic growth and not the reverse.Akcabelen (2009) uses the ARDL surface to determine the short-run and long-run effects of different levels of education on Turkeys economic development. Secondary enrollment and tertiary enrollment are used as different proxies for education and this enables us to examine the impact of each level of education on the economic growth. Akcabelen concludes that there is positive correlational statistics between all levels of education and the long-run economic development of Turkey.Loening (2002) uses time- serial data from 1951 to 2000 and applies the error-correction methodology to analyze the impact of education on the economic growth of Guatemala. He observes that output per worker increases by 0.16 percent following a 1 percent rise in the average years of schooling. So he agrees on the fact that education does have a positive impact on the overall economic development of the country.Afzal et al. (2010) use time series data from 1970-2009 to analyze the relationship between education, physical capital, inflation, poverty and economic growth in Pakistan. According to their findings, education and physical capital have both a positive and considerable effect on economic growth in the short-run as well as in the long-run. They also find that inflation slows down economic growth in the long-run and poverty has no effect at all on the economic development of Pakistan. Other researchers, such as Kakar et al. (2011), h ave used time series data for the time span 1980-2009 and befool the Error Correction Model (ECM) and come to the conclusion that education influences Pakistans economic development only in the long-run. They also observe that the quality of education is more important than the quantity of education in achieving economic growth, so the government should increase its investment in education with the aim of enhancing the quality of education further.Since Mauritius is part of Africa, it is also good to see the results of researches conducted in other African countries. Fonkeng and Ntembe (2009) use enrollment and GDP as proxies for education and economic development and they notice that education at higher level, i.e. at tertiary level, is positively correlated with economic growth of Cameroon. Musila and Belassi (2004) use government expenditure on education as proxy for education for the years 1965 to 1999. They yield the cointegration and the ECM methods and find that there is po sitive correlation between average workers expenditure on education and the economic growth of Uganda. Ndiyo (2007) uses time series data from 1970 to 2000 on real education expenditure, real capital formation and GDP, and employs the VAR technique. Based on the results obtained after computations, Ndiyo (2007) demonstrates that education does not have a positive effect on the economic development of Nigeria. He suggests that this result can be explained by various factors such as labor market distortions, redundancy, brain drain, industrial disputes and job discontinuities, and government trouble etc.Khorasgani (2008) analyses the impact of higher education on Irans economic development for the period 1959 to 2005. The proxies used for human capital are education attainment and research expenditures. Khorasgani (2008) uses the Cobb-Douglas production function together with the ARDL method to determine the short-run and long-run effects of higher education on the economic growth. T he study demonstrates that real output increases by 0.314 percent in the long run and 0.198 percent in the short run following a 1 percent increase in higher education attainment. Hence, higher education has a positive and significant impact on the economic development of Iran..

Benefits and Challenges of Nurse Prescribing

Benefits and Challenges of shield PrescribingSpecifically with Leg Ulcer Treatment the care for prescribing practice help in delivering a complete episode of care, enables great self-sufficiency and speeder entrance money towards medication, time saving and expedient together with the early interference identifications, greater patient involvement (Courtenay, Berry 2007). Furthermore, it provides a means of formalising present prescribing activities and approaches, allow patients to receive better information from the nurses well-nigh the prescription medicines and medications and thereby permitting a holistic practice (Courtenay 2007). takeitionally, it enhances rapport with the leg ulcer patient, reduces length of stay owing to accurate prescribing management, improves knowledge and assessment skills in identifying the complications of leg ulcer along with co-morbid complexities and promotes the response time to addressing patient symptoms and backdown (dependency) set up ( Gray, 2006).On the other hand, it was observed that the prescribed drug, Allevyn induced supersensitized reactions in the patient and this can be attributed to the potential implications of prescribing process. However, it cal also dislodge owing to increased work load and responsibilities upon the nurse, litigation fear, inter and intra pro conflicts, adherence towards medical model of care, lack of knowledge and accountability and absence of skills for prescribing process and dependency (Courtenay et al., 2007).REFERENCESCourtenay, M. 2007, carry Prescribing-the benefits and the pitfalls, Journal of Community Nursing, 21, 11.Courtenay, M., Berry, D. 2007, Comparing Nurses and Doctors views of Nurse Prescribing A Questionnaire Survey, Nurse Prescribing, 5, 5.Gray, R. 2006, Nurse Prescribing Raising Standards, Nurse Prescribing, 4, 8.Research case carried out by While and Biggs (2004) indicated that nurse prescribers cannot form a rest for the general practitioners for the p roducts within the limited formulary. Implementing a major role in the nurse prescribing practice requires assessment of numerous conditions including adequate education, preparation and fosterage and designing formulary that convene patient and practitioners inevitably (While, Biggs 2004). Report on the evaluation of eight pilot sites revealed that nurse prescribing was completely accompanied by anxiety and heightened apprehensions of accountability (Luker et al., 1997).To date back, content homework for Nurse Prescribing was started in England, by the year of 1998 during which around 20, 000 nurses have qualified for the new role.The study carried out by Humphreys and Green (2000) illustrated the potential vastness of infrastructure in the focus groups (n=12) obtaining the preparation concerned to nurse prescription at one institution (Humphreys, Green 2000). The implementation of extension standards in to supplementary nursing practice acknowledged the deliberate need for intelligence pharmacology as the basis for prescribing process and to identify the nurses who play a major role in selection criteria pertaining to prescriber training (Department of Health, 2002).Towards the other side, in examining the speculative basis for mental health nurse prescribing process, it is very of the essence(predicate) to discuss the implicit theoretical tensions together with the experiences of registered nurse prescriber. Making a Difference (1999) was the key policy document published upon the extending phenomenon of nurse prescribing with an taper of saving time for the General Practitioners (Department of Health, 1999). However, the implicit support was arrived through National Health Service and it stressed on various ways of work and distorting the demarcating lines between the specialized groups in NHS with an interest on improved access to quality of health care (Brooks, 2001). Thus, it mustiness be understood that benefits and challenges of Nurse Presc ribing within the context of mental health include the following (Department of Health, 1999)Add up the knowledge and allow complete use of experience.Allow utility transition from hospital to community based.Nurses must reveal that they are diagnostically fitting for the process of patient assessment and prescribing.The prescribing process may distract the solicitude from other aspects of nursing roles.May result in developing dangers (like allergic reactions developed for Allevyn in the present study) and these get added up to nurses roleConclusionThus, to effective reduce the incidence of deleterious effects due to Nurse prescribing, a helpful action plan must be devised with the following objectivesTo evaluate the prescribing approaches of nurses with relation to health visitors.To effectively study the professional and contextual factors which enhance and inhibit the process of Nurse PrescribingTo actualize the views of practitioners and patients with relation to treatment offered by the nurses.Much research was performed with in this line of merchandise of Nursing and still is needed in future to effectively look for the factors and to determine the steps for carrying out this process. Nevertheless, it is not a solitary confinement and it demands the potential involvement of practitioners, patients, Nurses, local health organisations together with the government.

A Homophobic Environment And Schools Education Essay

A Homophobic Environment And Schools Education attemptHomophobia refers to the negative determineings that some body politic begin towards people who argon homophile, lesbian, sissy and transgendered LGBT and nominate often triplet to harassment, bullyrag and victimisation. Despite this definition, the Association of Teachers and Lecturers (2013) affirm that it is not average limited to organism tar firebrand believeed at those who identify themselves as creationness LGBT. They believe that people who ar merely perceived to be homo stinker be targeted, as well as those who do not conform to stereotypical gender mathematical functions. Boys who display char exertioneristics that be stereotypic all in ally feminine and girls who display characteristics that be stereotypically masculine can be faced with corrupt in in mutes. For example, AVERT (n.d.) write that boys atomic subdue 18 usually stereotyped as sporty and strong decision-makers, and girls are expecte d to be emotional and expressive. Therefore, boys can be labelled as being animated if they dont like sports, if they meet to salute their haveings or if another(prenominal)s think they are being too lettered with other boys.A study by Rivers (2000, p14) found that at that place are a consider of ranks this bullying can orchestrate place, including in the classroom, playground, corridors, toilets, ever-changing rooms and on their way home. The department for Children, Schools and Families (2007, p.16) list a number of ways that children can experience discriminatory bullying. They advocate that it can endure of verbal ab rehearse ( much(prenominal) as mean jokes, suggestive remarks, teasing and seduce calling) or non-verbal abuse ( much(prenominal) as mimicking them and victimization stinking gestures towards them). They as well debate that learners could be ignored or excluded from joining in with others, be menace or experience physical abuse ( much(prenominal ) as hitting or kicking). It to a fault states that pupils may experience cyber-bullying via email, chat rooms, social network sites and officious phones. Furthermore, they state that offensive graffiti or distri only whenion of other offensive material could be used to harass the child. stymy (n.d.) state that teachers pull in a legal duty to delay homophobia is dealt with in schoolings. The Education and Inspections locomote 2006 states that there is a contain to safeguard and raise the rights and welfare of pupils (Firth, 2012, p6). low this faithfulness, teachers must identify and implement measures to promote good behaviour, respect for others, and egotism discipline amongst pupils, and to pr counterbalancet all forms of bullying, including homophobic bullying ( obstruct, n.d.). Firth (p.6) states that the Equality mo 2010 imposes a duty on schools to be proactive in promoting par of luck for all. She says that, under this law, is it illegal to put people at a disad vantage based upon their familiar druthers and, so it offers protection against unmediated and indirect favoritism, harassment and victimisation. Firth (p.6) also talks near the Human Rights act upon 1998 which requires schools to respect and value all of their pupils and states that they have a right to reclusive life and to be free from discrimination. plane section For Education and Skills (2004, p9) states that OFSTED insists that inspectors enshroud how schools promote the tailfin come forthcomes of the Every Child Matters policy. These outcomes are being physically and mentally healthy, staying safe and being protected from harm and neglect, enjoying and achieving, making a cocksure contribution by being positively involved in confederacy and society, and economic wellbeing. It adds that it leave alone be impossible to deliver all five of these outcomes in a culture of homophobia.Despite these laws being in place, Moore Rosenthal (2006, p.132) press that ther e is now considerable evidence that schools are a puissant site for homophobia to flourish and this is also reflected in research published by stymie, a charity organisation which fights for LGBT rights. They have conducted a number of surveils in re cent years, asking for both the pupils and teachers points of view and experiences of homophobia in schools. The School tarradiddle (2012) was a survey of more than 1,600 gay girlish people in Britain. It found that more than half of LGBT people experience homophobic bullying at school ( obstruct, 2012, p.2)Even if they are not bullied, ninety sextet per cent of gay pupils heard homophobic remarks such as pouffe or lezza whilst ninety nine per cent hear derogatory phrases such as thats so gay (Sto new-fangledall, 2012, p.5). Thurlow (2001, p.36) writes that sticks and stones may be more belike to break their bones but the relentless(prenominal), careless use of homophobic pejoratives willing most certainly continue to compromis e the psychological health of recent man and bi informal people by insidiously constructing their sexuality as something wrong, dangerous or shameworthy. Dye (n.d.) quotes Sue Allen, chair of Families and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (FFLAG) as grammatical construction that Every generation has a word which they use as a term of offence today it is gay. She claims that pupils in primary schools begin using it to mean anything thats naff or abnormal and, as a result, by the metre they reach secondary school, a feeling of negativity surrounds being gay. Plummer (2001, p17) agrees that initially when pupils are using these terms they are not referring to oddity. He says that pupils will use the term gay to refer to something that looks a bit different, a bit tacky, pathetic or anything like that. He states those who were called poofters were the ones that werent in the in crowd such as those who didnt play sport or those who were kindle in collecting things or reading. Moore R osenthanal (2006, p.172) repugn that sexual connotations are not attached to these offensive terms until the children get into their teens but despite this, they fuck that these terms have deeply negative and offensive meanings. Therefore, even if they scoop off in a non-sexual sense, the powerful effect of these precisely targeted homophobic terms provides a hostile context for the development of a homosexual indentity. Barnes (2011) believes that the reason children use and laugh at this type of derogatory linguistic communication is because they dont have all the facts nigh homosexuality. After they know the facts, she argues, they begin to use the correct words in the correct way.Stonewalls School Report (2012, p21) lucubrate a number of statistics that show that galore(postnominal) pupils reveal a bloodline in their attendance to lessons. For example, it states that seventy per cent of LGBT pupils require to skipping school at least at once. Furthermore, n earlier h alf of the LGBT pupils who experience homophobic bullying admit to skipping school because they are being bullied. This can submit to them getting bed in their work and ultimately their attainment may be affected. 43 per cent of bullied of LGBT pupils state that they feel they are underachieving in their school work. (p.20) oer 30 per cent change their plans for future education because they are being bullied, meaning that they are more likely to leave school at 16, preferably than carrying to study for their A-Levels and go to university, for example (p.21). Stonewall state that Ofsted requires schools to muller out homophobic bullying in their inspection framework and, therefore they believe that schools should see tackling homophobic bullying as part of their wider poke to improve behaviour and boost aspiration, standards and attainment. (p27)There are concerns that schools are not doing enough to make all pupils feel welcome in their school. Stonewall (2012, p.20) found th at more than fifty per cent of LGBT pupils feel as if they dont pass at their school and 46% dont feel as if they can act like themselves when they are at school. A similar percentage claim that it is hard for gay people to feel accepted in school and nearly fifty per cent of bullied LGBT pupils say that they have low self-conceit (pp.21-22). Furthermore, 40 one per cent dont feel part of their school community and 30 per cent disagree with the notion that their school an accepting, tolerant place where I feel welcome. Barnes (2011) believes that it is essential that the curriculum reflects the community we live in and therefore, as LGBT people are a legitimate part of our community, they should also be included in the curriculum. She states that it is preferable to seep LGBT people into the pupils knowingness rather than to explicitly confront the students with LGBT issues. She believes that this can be done done a combination of inclusive lesson plans and giving them the fact s through discussions that arise. Stonewall (2009a, p12) lists examples such as discussing LGBT characters in novels, civil partnerships and different families. They state that these are all likingl ways to discuss gay issues in a excitable and appropriate manner. In order to ensure that the pupils feel accepted in school, they also recommend displaying posters which communicate positive messages of equality such as the Some people are gay, get everyplace it campaign. The best schools do more than turnout homophobic bullying and therefore schools should work towards encompass an environment where diversity is promoted and celebrated across whole school community. (Stonewall, 2012, p27) besides not all teachers are blessed to include LGBT issues into their lessons. In January 2009, a London primary school teacher faced disciplinary action mechanism after she refused to read the book And Tango Makes Three, written by Parnell Richardson in 2005 (UK Parliament, 2013a). The story book tells the story of a gay penguin couple and once she realised that she that the book was advocating gay marriage she refused to continue reading it because of her Christian beliefs. She is not alone. The UK Pariliament (2013b) states that a 2013 poll conducted by ComRes found that over cardinal thousand teachers say they will probably refuse to teach close to the importance of same-sex marriage if the Marriage (Same Sex couples) bill is eventually passed. Dashwood (2011) expresses that in her experience of homophobia in schools, she believes it is actually the pupils who show the most amount of tolerance, rather than the teachers. She argues that it is often newborn people who are the most accepting members of a school community, and a consequence they put many of their teachers to shame. She concludes that the government should ensure that educators are not responsible for any homophobia in the classroom, before attempting to tackle homophobic bullying among pupils.Stonewa ll (2012) states that whilst children in faith schools are no more likely to report homophobic bullying than those in non-faith schools (p.4), teachers in religious schools are more likely to make homophobic remarks and less likely to contest pupils when they hear them make homophobic remarks, than those who teach in non-faith schools (p.12). Garner (2011) believes that a number of faith schools view themselves above the law and think they can do anything that they believe is line with their religious beliefs.Stonewall (2012, p.21) states that gay pupils who are bullied are at high risk of suicide, self-harm and feeling. LGBT organisation, wassail and Riot (n.d) suggests that the reasoning behind these thoughts are due to internalised homophobia subconsciously-developed negative feelings LGBT people feel towards themselves because of their sexuality. Revel and Riot state that LGBT people may go bad to have these negative attitudes because they are affected and hurt by the disc rimination gay people receive in society. They believe that internalised homophobia can take a number of forms. Firstly, a gay person can live in denial, where they live their lives pretending to be heterosexual which can lead to the person feeling unfulfilled and lonely. Secondly, a person can lie closeted. This means that they take part in homosexual activity but keeps it a secret from the people close to them. Revel and Riot argue that being closeted is linked with high-anxiety, low self-esteem, increased risk for suicide and ecumenic lack of fulfillment. The Stonewall survey (2012, p22) found that more than fifty per cent admit to taking actions to deliberately harm themselves, such as trimming or burning themselves. Nearly fifty per cent of LGBT people who are bullied show symptoms linked with depression whilst thirty five per cent of those who werent bullied showed depression symptoms (p.22) Almost a quarter of LGBT pupils admitted to attempting suicide at some point, whils t over seventy per cent claim to have at least considered it. Stonewall (2012, p.4) compares these figures to those published by the Samaritans which states that only seven per cent of all young people (either straight or LGBT) have ever attempted suicide and less than fifty per cent have considered it. Rebel and Riot (n.d.) argue that the worst form of internalised homophobia is aggressive denial, where a person feels so powerfully that they should not be gay that they repress their sexual desires and act out in a homophobic manner towards other LGBT people.Over a quarter of bullied LGBT pupils say they feel guilty about getting bullied whilst over sixty per cent say they feel embarrassed and over forty per cent say they feel ashamed.(Stonewall, 2012, p.21) It is not always easy for teachers to be aware of when a pupil is the victim of homophobic bullying and the Department for Children, Schools and Families (2007, p16-17) believe that this is because many pupils are embarrassed to admit it, perhaps because they do not want to disclose their sexuality to their teacher or because they are embarrassed that they are being perceived in this way and being bullied for it when they actually are not LGBT. Alternatively, they argue that some pupils may withdraw not to tell their teachers that they are being bullied because they worry about how the module may deal with the problem given the sensitivities involved (p.19) A Stonewall report from 2009 focused on responses from teachers of both primary and secondary schools on their experience of homophobia in the classroom. It found that nearly thirty per cent of teachers state that they would not feel confident in sustenanceing a pupil who decided to come out as LGBT to them (Stonewall, 2009b, p16). Furthermore, forty per cent say that they would not feel confident in providing information, advice and guidance on gay issues to their pupils. Concerns about how teachers will respond correlate with figures from Stonewall s School Report (2012, p.12) that shows that many LGBT pupils feel that their schools often fail to intervene when homophobic bullying and style occurs. The report found that the rate of homophobic bullying is much higher in schools where teachers never step in when they hear homophobic remarks, compared to schools where the teachers challenge homophobic remarks every time. (Stonewall, 2012, p.13)Up until 2003, it was illegal for teachers to intentionally promote homosexuality or to promote the acceptability of homosexuality as a off-key family relationship (National Archives, n.d.) This was stated as part of Section 28 of the 1988 local anesthetic Government Act. Even though this has now been repealed, there may still be confusion of what is acceptable. This fairly recent change of the law may leave those that have been teaching for a while confused as to what they are allowed to do. If they have always been told that they are not allowed to teach about gay issues throughout their career, many may continue to ignore these issues even now the ban has been lifted. Bridges (2013) agrees with this notion as she states that gay relationships face to be outside the comfort zones of many teachers, and is therefore not tackled with as much rigour as other types of bullying.Pupils who have gay family members can also feel the effect of homophobia in the classroom. Stonewalls Different Families (p.20) states that whilst lots of pupils who have gay parents are open about their families, most are wary about who they tell. Those who feel that they have to keep their families secret from everyone find it stressful. The report states that many pupils with gay parents are worried that they will get bullied and this prevents them from being honest about their families. The report concluded that pupils with gay parents dont feel as though their families were reflected in the classroom. It states that too often, schools assume that pupils have a florists chrysanthemum and a dad both in classroom activities and in garner that are sent home. Therefore, the report recommends that teachers cease to make this assumption to stave off this insensitivity towards the pupils who have alternative families (p.22). Firth (2002, p7) acknowledges the importance for pupils who come from LGBT families to feel that their families are recognised, accepted and respected. For this reason she believes that it is entirely appropriate to have discussions amongst young pupils about the diversity of families that exist within society.It is not just the pupils who experience homophobic abuse. Williams (2012) states that a 2006 survey by the Teacher Support Network notice that two-thirds of LGBT teachers had experienced harassment or discrimination at work because of their sexual orientation. She writes that 81% of those received discrimination from the pupils and but 46% said their colleagues were responsible. Dellenty (2012) hopes that gay teachers will have the strength to come out and hopes that schools support them when they do as there will be pupils who have gay family or friends and those who will grow up to be LGBT themselves. He argues that these people deserve and need a representative diverse range of authentic role models in schools. The Department for Children, Families and Schools (, p.13) writes that the mesh Equality (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 2003 aims to protect all members of stave against discrimination or harassment on the grounds of their sexual orientation or perceived sexual orienation.Aside from bullying, there are also concerns that gay people are not well enough inform when it comes to sexual health. The Sex Education Forum () states that young LGBT pupils often report feeling left out of sex and relationships programmes. The Department for Education and Employment (2000) wrote that schools have a responsibility to ensure that the needs of all of their pupils are met in the sex education programmes. They argue that th at all pupils need to feel that sex and relationship education is relevant to them and sensitive to their needs, regardless of their sexual orientation. They add that teachers should be able to deal honestly and sensitively with sexual orientation, answer appropriate questions and offer support.Stonewall (2012, p) found that two thirds of gay pupils dislike taking part in team sports. Futhermore, a survey by the National Union of Students () found that 42% per cent of LGBT pupils had a negative experience of playing sport at school which lead to them feeling as though they dont want to play any sports at college or university. The report concludes that schools should encourage LGBT-inclusiveness by using sport as a way of expressing to pupils that homophobia is not acceptable behaviour and that all members of a sports team should contribute to creating an inclusive environment. They should also make an effort to support students to participate in a broad range of sports, including t hose that are not typical for their gender.The celebration of LGBT History month in some schools is a step in the right direction. The National Union of Teachers (NUT, 2013) argues that LGBT History month help oneselfs teachers to promote equality, value diversity and implement effective strategies to eradicate homophobia. The idea is to make pupils aware of the achievements of LGBT people in Britain, as well as the struggles they faced in society. Taking place every February, It is an opportunity to show that discrimination against people is wrong and must be challenged.The NUT adds that students in school need to discuss human rights and have the life skills for a world where LGBT and straight people are equal.The LGBT History website outlines a number of reasons why this celebration is beneficial to the whole school community. It states that it is essential for everybody to be aware of the role of LGBT people in society and claims to aim to help gay people be viewed by student s as motivators, inventors, artists, scientists and stars, rather than as victims. It also hopes to help boost the self-esteem of young LGBT pupils so they feel safe enough to continue with their education and grow to be happy and healthy adults who are less likely to suffer from violence, depression, and suicide. It is also an opportunity to provide postive role models for the pupils.An extreme example, but one that has been launched in other countries, is that of a gay school a school for gay pupils, such as the Harvey Milk High School in New York. Launched in 2003, it was set up for those pupils who had been victimised and abused in their previous schools so much so that they were falling behind in their work or felt too afraid to attend their classes (Henley, 2004). Many of its pupils express that without the school they would make no academic progress and Henley (2004) writes that the school boasts that 95% of its students graduate, compared to just over 50% across New York gen erally. However, the idea is not habitual amongst as people can get bullied for a number of reasons. Henely (2004) quoted mike Long (who at the time was the chairman of the New York Conservative Party) as saying if we need a special school for homosexuals, maybe we need a special school for little short fat kids because they get picked on too. Indeed, Stonewalls research found that homophobia was only the second most frequent form of bullying, behind bullying for being overweight. It is important to consider, therefore, that whilst these pupils may not get bullied for their sexual orientation anymore, they could still be targeted for other reasons. Furthermore, there are concerns that separating homosexual people from heterosexual people at an early age is only going to cause a wider segregation by and by on in life. Henley (2004) writes that some gay activitists believe that creating a new form of gay ghetto is no way to encourage integration and understanding, adding that in t he real world, gay and straight people have to learn to co-exist.The Department for Education and Skills (2004) believe that schools are the ideal place to challenge homophobia because they make a significant contribution to the development of values and attitudes in young children that are likely to be highly resistant to change in later life.