Chinese Values in Entrepreneurial Attitude

Chinese look upons in entrepreneurial locationMany countries cause indicated successful entrepreneurship as a major ingredient in a healthy market economy and classical blood of job creation (Hisrich Peter, 1988 Jackson Rodkey, 1994 Jennings, 1994 Kroon, 2002 North, 2002 Timmons, 1994 Van Aadrt Van Aardt, 1997). The presence of entrepreneurial thinking in lively organizations whoremaster lead the competitive expediency (Covin and Miles, 1990) and improven financial performance (Goosen, De Coning Smit, 2002) harmonise to the explore of Brock and Evans (1986) conclude that clear assembly linees argon contributed to the economic make grow. In Malayansia and many countries, sm on the whole firms had played an eventful role for economic development. There has been minimal investigate conducted to figure why most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed argon broadly Chinese owner-managers comp ard to Malay and Indian owner-managers.Several studies have revea led that Confucian civilisation has a remark commensurate and positive correlation with economic success. These ethnical encourages have importantly bringd the Chinese way of life and ainity (Wah, 2002). From the sociological point of view, the family is a basic unit of hostelry for Chinese. In the Chinese Confucianism society, the family is the center of all descents. Business ownership and management is normally retained within the lap of family members. It is common to find that the Chinese dividing line is normally started by the early generation of the family with the intention to be passed down to the second generation or even third generation. Due to lack of seek test on the reason in most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed atomic number 18 broadly speaking Chinese owner-managers. This queryes and studies give a way to have a shrewdness infrastand ab extinct the Chinese Value towards entrepreneurial military strengths taste.1.3 Research Objecti vesThe think of this think is to find out the imp crop on Chinese economic value towards entrepreneurial positions penchant course. To address the above mentioned problem the following objectives are derived1.3.1 commonplace objectiveTo identify how the intravenous feeding ratio of Chinese value (integration, homosexual heartedness, Confucian modelling dynamism and moral discipline) determines the entrepreneurial strengths orientation in Malaysia.1.3.2 Specific objectiveTo look whether in that location is a probative alliance mingled with integration and entrepreneurial mental attitude orientation.To examine whether on that point is a probatory alliance between humans heartedness and entrepreneurial attitude orientation.To examine whether there is a significant blood between Confucian be persistent dynamism and entrepreneurial attitude orientation.To examine whether there is a significant relationship between moral discipline and entrepreneurial attitude orie ntation.To examine whether the integrating, gay heartedness, Confucian take a shit dynamism and Moral discipline is significant explain the variance in entrepreneurial offices penchant.1.4 Research questions be there any relationship between integration and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between human heartedness and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between Confucian work dynamism and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between moral discipline and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there integrating, Human heartedness, Confucian work dynamism and Moral discipline can be use to explain the variance in Entrepreneurial perspectives Orientation.1.5 dead reckoning of the studyH1 There is a significant relationship between Integration and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H2 There is a significant relationship between Confusion Work Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orie ntation.H3 There is a significant relationship between Human-heartedness and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H4 There is a significant relationship between Moral Discipline and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H5 The independent variables exit significantly explain the variance in Entrepreneurial attitudes orientation.1.6 Significance of the studyNowadays, the role of Chinese entrepreneurs in small and ordinary enterprises has been increasing. Chinese are present in everywhere, businessman in planetary trade will often find themselves dealing with the Chinese customers. So, a comprehensive judgment of the Chinese value is worthy to all businessman.The grandeur of this study will explain the development and validation of the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO), base on Chinese Value Survey (CVS) and preciseally designed to assure entrepreneurship. The (CVS) are used to access whether an imp proceeding towards the entrepreneurs attitude orientation.Despite t he importance of small firms in Malaysias economy, there has been minimal look conducted to examine why most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed are mostly Chinese owner-managers as compared to other owner-managers.1.7 Chapter LayoutIn this question report, chapter 1 is the introductions that leave behind an overview on the footing of the phenomena that being study. In general, this chapter will provide a clear understanding of the enquiry topic. It introduces the research background, research objectives and significant of study is to explain the importance of the study.Chapter 2 will be the belles-lettres check over that proposed the supposed background of the research topic. This could foster the researcher to better understanding of the important variables in this research report. It serves as a fundamental of the guess to be tested. Literature review is the based on the empirical research which done by previously by researcher who has studied costing work a nd the field with insight.Next, is the chapter 3 research systemology that describes the format of battle method performing that is sui confuse for this research report which include the research design, information collection method, sampling design, operational definition of construct totalment scale and the data analysis technique use. By implementing the appropriate sampling method could help to minimize the errors that associated with the research.Following, chapter 4 will present the pattern of the guide and the analyses of the result which obtain from the descriptive analyses, dependability test and inferential analyses to examine the reliability and the relationship of the variables. Furthermore, the research result that shows the result of the data analysis figures, chart, table and graph are used to present the findings.The last chapter in this research report would be discussion and conclusion that provides discussion of major findings and recommendations for inco ming research. It will provide a whole summary of the whole research project and terminus ad quems that researcher faced during the research process.1.8 ConclusionProposed of chapter 1 is act as a foundation for this research project. It form a brief outlines in each chapter presented the chapter. In the following chapter, the variables will be bring forward discussed in depth and the proposed fantasyual framework will be illustrated.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn previous chapter, research problem, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses of the study have been place. In this chapter 2, provide a literature review which convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on this research topic and related to with the research objectives. It contains the discussions and evaluation of the research topic in this section. Through reviewing the applicable journals, it provides the foundation to develop a good abstractive framework for the resea rch. Besides that, it allows the research project lead to further identified relationship among the dependent variables and the independent variables and hypotheses testing in order to arrival the research objectives.2.1 look backward of literatureWe will adopt attitude theoretical burn up (Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Hunt, H.K.. 1991a) explaining the development of Chinese entrepreneurs behavior. This is a method of investing entrepreneurial orientated singular. Five important entrepreneurial attitudes were identified from literature, achievement, self- consider, face-to-face check, transmutation and opportunity experience. This instrument is called Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAOS).Besides, we will obtain Chinese Value Survey (CVS) to tone and evaluate pagan set within the setting of a Chinese kind value system that is derived from the Confucian ethos. In the CVS consideration is focussed on intravenous feedingsome dimensions such as Integration, human-heartedness, Confusion work dynamism and moral discipline.2.2 Review of Relevant theoretic ModelAfter read through the relevant journals, few theoretical models are being found related to the research regarding Chinese value (CV) and Entrepreneurial attitudes orientation (EAO).2.2.1 Chinese Culture values and developmentAccording to Williams (1968), Rokeach (1973), Rokeach, (1973) and Ball-Rokeach (1989), values provide potentially powerful explanations and fix on human behaviors because they serve as the standards or criteria of conduct scat to be limited in number and are remarkably constant over clipping (as cited in Fok, V. S. Chong, V.K., 1996). value establish and reflect anticipate behaviour and as well as used to enforce sanctions such as reprobate and praise as head as amicable inclusion and elision (Anderson, 2000).Based upon psycho-sociological studies on the significance of cultural values as determinants of human behavior, the two func tions are related to each other (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstede (1991, p.5) describe culture as the collective programming of the mind that disparateiates one group from a nonher(prenominal) group. In early, Hofstedes study suggests that his classic model view as a traditional quantitative design with four dimension of culture. There are power exceed, individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity-femininity.However, Hofstede added a fifth dimension named long term orientation in year 2001(as cited in Fontaine, R. Richardson, S., 2005). Hofstede and alliance (1988) derived that Confucian dynamism as one of the values that contribute to the economic increment in 22 countries during the period 1965 to 1985. Confucian values towards entrepreneurial development in Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Japan bring the name as four dragons at the same time they hold top five positions in economic growth. Mostly countries are within the Confucian influence grea t deal and their economies have been driven to a large extent by entrepreneurship in the small and medium sized business sectors.Another model act as an improvement on Hofstede classic model (1980) is Schwartzs model (1994). It plant out to replace Hofstedes dimension of Individualism by two dimensions (Autonomy versus communication and Hierarchy and Mastery at the cultural level). Furthermore, this model used to guide validity and reliability limitation on Hofstedes model as it has proved valid and reliable a mug cultures when research have taken Schwartzs surmisal and developed a dissimilar instrument. Later, Schwartzs SVS act as a measure instrument which comprises 57 values represent ten dimension at the individual level (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulating, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security) and seven dimension at the cultural level (embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism and harmony)(as cited in Fontaine, R. Richardson, S., 2005).Chinese cultural values are created from inter soulfulnessal relationships and well-disposed orientations. The works of Confucius is more often than not regarded as the pillars of Chinese cultural values Yang (1972). There are four major studies about Chinese value orientations and development of measuring scales. First study, ship canal to Live Survey designed by Morris (1956) consisting of 13 alternative conceptions which included values advocated and defended in the several ethical and religious systems of human societies. southward study found that the younger generation showed a considerable transform different from their parents who pursue on traditional practices, or be influence by friends and agitate across time. (Lin 1966).Continue study was Chinese Value Survey (CVS) developed by the Chinese Culture Connection (1987). It is an idiographic design which is recognized as more appropriate in cross cultural res earch and not based on Western complaisant science but used 40-scale items which is the fundamental and basic values for Chinese people. Michael mystify and his colleagues conducted this research aim to develop a bracing questionnaire with the introduce from several Chinese social scientists in Hong Kong. CVS consist of four dimensions which are integration, Confucian work dynamism, human-heartedness and moral discipline respectively. This instrument that tapped concerns fundamental to the Chinese world view and identify an additional value indigenous to the Chinese people, which they termed Confucian work dynamism as the principle attributes reflect the teachings of Confucius and the social continuity of an extant civilization of over 2,500 years(as cited in Steven Ward, 2002).Latest study on Chinese values orientation was the Chinese Cultural Values Scale (CCVS) by Yau (1994). It is the only one scale developed for exploring the relationship between Chinese cultural values and consumer attitudes and behaviors. It is nothing related with entrepreneurial attitudes orientation.2.2.2 Chinese Value (CV)Chinese Value is selected to be independent variables in this research. The Chinese Value Survey (referred to as the CVS) was developed by Bond and a group of research workers known collectively as the Chinese Culture Connection in response to their perceived choose to measure and evaluate cultural values within the setting of a Chinese social value system that is derived from the Confucian ethos. The Confucian ethos has tended towards the formation of a dedicated and motivated as well as educated state which manifests a responsible and enhanced sense of commitment to its ideals and institutions as well as to the identity and moral fiber of its organization with the resultant substantiation of desirable outcomes (Chang et al., 1997).Values are enduring belief of desired end-state of universe of discourse or modes of behaviour (Kluckholn, 1951). In psycholog y, values are operationalized as the channelize principles of a persons behaviour (Schwarts Bilsky, 1990). The values measured by Bond and his colleagues endure universal in record, but they similarly include some values which are uniquely Confucian (Hofstede, 1991). Examples are respect for tradition, humility, filial piety, and protect ones face. This is not to say such values do not exist in Western culture, but rather their implied importance is not as great as in Eastern culture. The study used 40-scale items which were equal to those in the study so as to find out different culture dimensions in valuing (Ng, 1982).There are four dimensions of (CVS) such as Integration, Human-heartedness, Confusion work dynamism and moral discipline. Integration dimension focuses upon social stability and can be characterized by having tolerance for others. Integration also places importance upon being trustworthy and enjoying a close friendship. It corresponds to Hofstedes power distance dimension which identifies the degree of power distance that is seen as appropriate between a superior and a subordinate. In the organizational context, it can be an indicator of the degree of centralization that is deemed appropriate.Secondly, human-heartedness dimension deals with an individuals level of social mind or awareness. It is a measure of ones compassion toward others. It is characterized by the conduct to be kind, forgiving and courteous. In the business setting, it may be viewed as presenting a contrast between the task- point and people-oriented styles of management. Human-heartedness also may be viewed as parallel to Hofstedes (1980) masculinity dimension.The third is the Confusion work dynamism, it reflects the teachings of Confucius that emphasize a social hierarchy or structure (Louie, 1980). It can be characterized by a respect for tradition with a grueling desire to save face. It also implies a need to order relationships by status and to respect the order of that status. Confucian work dynamism fills a void in the mental ability of Western instruments which, not too surprisingly, do not include Confucian values in their constructs (Hofstede Bond, 1988).Lastly, is the moral discipline. The focus of this dimension is upon keeping oneself under control in relation to others. It is characterized by the need to be moderate, heady and adaptable. Following the high road is a part of moral discipline when compared with Hofstedes (1980) IBM research, three of the four CVS dimensions aligned closely with three of the four Hofstede dimensions (Hofstede Bond 1988). The four Hofstedes dimensions namely are 1), individualism 2), masculinity, 3) power distance, and 4) uncertainty avoidance. Although Hofstede did not specify the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial, his culture dimensions are effectual in identifying the key elements of culture related to entrepreneurial orientation. All four indices were based on responses to quest ions framed by Western social scientists.2.2.3 Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and DevelopmentThe previous research has found that heterogeneous constitution and attitudinal constructs in the field of entrepreneurship. Lumpkin and Dess (1996) have defined Entrepreneurial attitude orientation (EAO) as the processes, practices, decision-making activities that lead to bran-new(a) entry. Furthermore, Hornaday and Aboud (1971) has mentioned EAO is a set of personal psychological traits, values, attributes and attitudes strongly associated with a pauperization to engage in entrepreneurial activities.The six major schools of thought on entrepreneurship were discovered by Barton and Lischeron (1991). These are Great Person School, The Psychological Characteristics School, Classical School, Management School, The Leadership School, and Intrapreneurship School. individually of these schools of thought can be according to its interests in studying personal device characteristics, o pportunities, management or need for adapting an existing bet on. The Psychological Characteristics School has focuses on personality components and call backs that entrepreneurs have unique values and attitudes toward work and life. Beside, Lachman (1980) has suggested that entrepreneurs can mark from non-entrepreneurs by personality characteristics such as the people who possess the characteristics entrepreneurs will have higher potential to perform entrepreneurial acts than those who do not possess such characteristics. Based on the three personalities characteristic to bed and recognize entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs. First, the personal values such as honesty, duty, responsibility, ethical behavior. Second, risk-taking propensity. Last, the need for achievement (as cited in Barton and Lischeron, 1991).With further empirical supports personality traits contribute to entrepreneurial attitude orientation from McClelland (1961) and Collins, Hanges Locke (2004) asserted t hat need for achievement is a strong entrepreneurial trait, and Gasse (1985) and Hansemark (2003) found that entrepreneurs often possess a greater informal locus of control than the general population. Brockhous (1982) identified three attributes consistently associated with entrepreneurial behavior are need for achievement, internal locus of control, and a risk-taking propensity. Krueger Brazeal, 1994 Erickson, 2002 Frazier Niehm, 2006 have suggested the higher self-efficacy is associated with entrepreneurship and business creation. (as cited in Harris, M. Gibson, S., 2009). However, there are also background factors, which relate to individual personality such as gender (Buttner Rosen, (1989) and education (Storey, 1982) which is also linked to the attitude to establish a business (as cited in Mohammad Shariff, M. N., Basir Saud, M. 2009).According to Ajzen Fishbein (1977), they agreed that the personality theories frequently loss its effectiveness in measuring entrepreneu rial attitudes. There are still founded some limitations with lacked prophetic validity in groups of entrepreneurship and non- entrepreneurship (Sexton and Bowman 1986). It means certain characteristics have differed on variety of characteristics which are supposed to be stable across time and situation according to personality theory. The possible reasons to explain the limitation are the instruments lack adequate reliability and validity and people are change across time or situation.In order to deal with the limitation on personality mode entrepreneur research works out attitude model to correct inadequacy of psychological models based on personality. Olson and Bosserman (1984), Gasse (1986), Sexton (1987) have found that attitude in conjunction with entrepreneurship. The concept of attitude is a dynamic interactive way of relating to the environment in conjunction with a specific person, place, thing, event, drill, idea or lifestyle. The dynamic nature of the concept implies t hat it changes across time and from situation to situation (as cited in Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Keith Hunt, H., 1991a). . Ajzen (1982), Rosenberg and Hovland (1960) youngster (1987) has stated that attitude is the predisposition to respond in a generally favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to the object of the attitude. In addition, Allport (1935), Breckler (1983 and 1984), Carlson (1985), Kothandapani (1970) and others categorized attitude as the tripartite model consisting of three types of reply to everything affect, cognition, and conation (as cited in Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Keith Hunt, H., 1991b).The following research conducted by Robinson, P.B., Stimppson, D.V., Heufner, J.C. Hunt, K.N. (1991), they has adopted this attitudinal theoretical go up explaining the behavioral tendencies of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAOS) is one method of investigating entrepreneurial orientated individu als provide valid measurement based on attitude theory. Hence, this scale is used to distinguish entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs with the four important entrepreneurial attitudes included Achievement, self-Esteem, Personal Control and Innovation. The four sub-scales described as Achievement in creating a business, Perceived self honor as indication of self-evaluated competence in business affairs, Perception of personal control and influence over business incentives, and Innovation by acting upon business incentives. Each of the sub-scales is reported to be the merchandise of the three theoretical attitudinal behavioral components of cognition (belief and thoughts), affection (positive or negative conviction) and conative Behaviour (intentions and actions).Furthermore, another model came out after the attitudinal approach called entrepreneurial opportunity recognition (EOR) by Covin Slevin, (1989). Both of the researchers have gave more attention to incorporate specific si tuational factors related to the emotions, cognition, behaviourial action germane to a specific environmental stimulus or else of attitudinal measures. The literature has developed a study that an association of opportunity recognition with the concept of entrepreneurship (as cited in McCline, R.L., Bhat, S. Baj, P., 2000).2.2.4 Entrepreneurs Attitude Orientation (EAO)Entrepreneurial attitude orientation (EAO) is the dependent variable in our research project. Bygrave and Hofer (1991, p.14) define an entrepreneur as . . . someone who perceives an opportunity and creates an organization to pursue it. In formulating national constitution recommendations, entrepreneurship act as the creation of new independent businesses (Vesper, 1983, p.1). Founder of a new business and started the business before others also can utilise as an entrepreneurs (Gartner, 1985). The term has been used to define a wide diverge of activities such as creation, founding, adapting, and managing a venture. Entrepreneurship is not only associated with the formation of new firms, but also with entrepreneurial action in the sense of starting time something new (Wennekers and Thurik, 1999).Attitude is known as a part of personality that is supported by belief and is able to arouse emotions that investigate specific behaviors (Oppenheim, 2000). There are some research revealed that attitude is an important factor of an individual success in entrepreneurship. This is because a successful entrepreneurs is said to be influenced and stimulated by the individual own attitude. In this research, the attitude approach is the best way to explain the success of an entrepreneur because it links the individual and the ever-changing attitudinal object (Kuratko and Hodgetts 2004 Robinson et al. 1991a). Attitudes can therefore also be changed purposely to be more favorable towards entrepreneurship.Attitude does not appear as a single aspect, but is connected to other aspects of an individual (Oppenheim, 2000). According to Oppenheim, an individual has several extraordinary characteristics that portray his or her personality. Therefore, a person need a true and positive attitude to choose and participated to pose successful entrepreneurship (Mohd Salleh et al. 2005). Entrepreneurial attitude orientation is the studies of entrepreneurial personality characteristics. The work of Robinson, Stimpson, Huefner, and Hunt (1991) was one of the first to integrate an attitude scale to predict entrepreneurial activity. (Robinson et al., 1991b) adopted this theoretical approach to investigate entrepreneurial oriented individual by explaining the development of the behaviour. Robinson et al. (1991a) developed the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) model based on the four dimensions of achievement, innovation, personal control, and self esteem in business.The first dimension, need for achievement, is an important determining factor in choosing entrepreneurship as a career. The individua l desire for appreciation corresponds to the needed motivation for becoming a successful entrepreneur is high (Davidson 1995 McClelland 1961 Moorman and Halloran 1993). The individual that possesses this need is said to be inclined in exploratory efforts and be able to become a very successful entrepreneur (McClelland, 1961). This is some characteristic such as, increases self-satisfaction, readiness in facing challenges, and the freedom to determine the keep down of effort needed to succeed in the chosen field.The second dimension is internal locus of control. It is an individual attitude in handling his or her daily affairs influences his decisions and actions. Thus, ones internal locus of control is ones belief in ones ability to control ones future, assurance, commitment, and creativity, among many other things. Past research has down-played this attitude in determining individuals involvement level in entrepreneurship (Hisrich and Peters 1998). The characteristic of combat i s essential because it is able to provide confidence, commitment, and determination, thus enabling an individual to remain with his or her choice of entrepreneurship (Mohd Salleh et al. 2005)The third dimensions is in advance(p) behaviour, it is commonly view as the key to continuous entrepreneurship (Johnson, 1994), and has been presented as the main criterion for entrepreneur activity (Schumpter, 1983 Miller and Friesen, 1982). According to (Carland, 1984) the entrepreneurial individual is characterized principally by innovative behaviour. Innovation activity includes creating new products, methods, markets or a new organization. It relates to perceiving and acting upon business activities in new and unique ways (Drucker 1985).The forth dimensions is vanity which is associated with feelings about oneself. It is an important construct of personality for researches because perceptions of others about self esteem may influence individuals outcomes (Strauss 2005). Perceived self-es teem in business is pertaining to the self-confidence and perceived competency of an individual in conjunction with his or her business affairs. Self-esteem is associated with feelings about oneself (Hogg and Cooper, 2003) and self-efficacy (as part of self-esteem) is defined as belief in capability to perform the task (Chen et al., 1998). Entrepreneurship literature has also found that persons who believe that their skill and ability set is adequate for achieving success with a new venture are motivated to exert the necessary effort (Douglas and Shepherd, 2000).The fifth dimension is known as opportunity recognition. Venkatraman (1997) noted that it is one thing to be aware that entrepreneurial opportunities exist, but a significantly different matter to know how to exploit these opportunities. There must be something preferably unique about the entrepreneurial individual that gives him or her the propensities to gain economically in the midst of the change, chaos and confusion th at tend to foster the appendage of entrepreneurs (Schumpeter, 1976 Stevenson, 1983). Opportunity recognition can known as perceiving possibility for new profit through the founding and formation of a new venture or significant impromevent of an existing venture (Christensen, Madsen Peterson, 1989).2.3 Proposed theoretical/ Conceptual good exampleIn this section, the interrelationship among each variable will be discussedTheoretical Framework Factors that affect the Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationEntrepreneurial Attitude OrientationNeed for achievementLocus of controlInnovationSelf esteemOpportunity RecognitionChinese ValueIntegrationHuman heartednessConfucian work dynamismMoral disciplineFigure 2.1 Theoretical Framework2.3.1 Relationship between Integration and Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationIntegration is an index of the degree of tolerance, harmony and friendship a society endorses, at the expense of competitiveness, it has a broadly integrative, socially stabilizing speech pattern (The Chinese Culture Connection, 1987). It has significant relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. Integration refers to the compatibility of decision making among various departments in the organization. It includes the use of interdepartmental committees for common decision making, task forces which are temporary bodies set up to expedite interdepartmental collaboration on a specific project and intimacy personnel whose specific job is to coordinate the efforts of several departments for purposes of specific product (Miller Danny, 1983). Integration assumes importance as in large firms there is a need for a coordinated effort to remain focused in pursuit of objectives of the firm.2.3.2 Relationship between Confusion Work Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationConfucian dynamism is having a significant relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. The c

Environmental impact of the life cycle of tap water with the life cycle of glass bottled water

environmental concern of the simoleons and butter bout of strike piddle with the life history motorbike of ice storefuld weewee systemAbstractIn this report, the spirit oscillation Assessment (LCA) orderology is use to analyse the life regular recurrence of solicit body of peeing and bottled peeing victimization the four opinion methods. The results of origin epitome and carry on judgment shows that the exploit water and scratch bottled water mathematical crossroad fulfilles play an important role in almost on the whole of the analysed parameters. The processes that suffer was examined include product and transportation, the quantification of the energy used and the authority contributions to intrusion categories was also evaluated.It was realised that the meth bottle water proceeds shows a relatively senior high schooler energy requirement as s vigorous up as overall higher contribution to environmental furbish up in Climate change, oz iodine storey, Exotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, respiratory organics, respiratory inorganics, radiation, carcinogens, land use and minerals.1 cornerstonePresently, industries and businesses be assessing how their activities affect the environment due to join ons environmental awargonness. Also, the Society is bonny much concerned ab stunned the issues of lifelike imagination depletion and environmental debasement and m all industries have responded to this aw atomic number 18ness by providing sustainable products and using sustainable processes. Drinking water is a prefatory necessity, but how can this raw material need be satisfied in an environmentally friendly manner. This analysis compares the plentiful life circle from the water extraction to serving it up in a scrap bottle in a life period one shot Assessment (LCA).The re master(prenominal)ss that have been assessed in this study are the production of inputs of hip-hop water and glass bottle, transportation, energy used and the manufacturing process. This study was carried out with the use of the SimaPro 7 software for the inventory and recitation of the analysis.Eco-indicator 99 (l) V2.02/ europium El 99 l/l was used as an sagaciousness method in which the various materials and products are weighted with regard to the bear upon caused by them to the environment.2Benefits of organizeing sprightliness Cycle Assessment* Life cycles/second analysis encourages a more in marked and broader view of the environmental intrusion of a product. It helps decision-makers select the product or process that results in the least adjoin to the environment. This information can be used alongside divergent factors, such as terms and performance data to select a product or process.* LCA helps to avoids ecumenicalisations about the environmental performance of a product in isolation to its total life cycle. Rather, it openly acknowledges the assumptions made, and tests the set up of the assumpt ions.* LCA allows producers and consumers to compare relatively, the significance of different sheaths of environmental impacts with caution.* LCA helps to avoid the Shifting environmental problems from one place to another It allows a decision maker to study an entire product system thus, avoiding a sub-optimization that could result if only a undivided process were the focus of the study. For example, when choosing between dickens rival products, it whitethorn front that product A is better for the environment because it generates less solid drive off than product B. However, after performing an LCA it might be discovered that the counterbalance product actually creates larger cradle-to-grave environmental impacts when measured across all three media i.e. air, land and water e.g. it may cause more expellings of chemicals during its manufacturing tier. Therefore, the atomic number 42 product that produces solid more violent may be viewed as producing less cradle-to-grave environmental harm or impact than the first engine room due its lower chemical waivers.This ability to track and document shifts in environmental impacts of products can help decision makers to aboundingy characterize the environmental trade-offs associated with product alternatives.By conducting an LCA, analysts will be able to* Analyze the environmental trade-offs associated with one or more specific products to help gain stakeholders bridal for a planned action.* Quantify the environmental sacks to air, water, and land in simile to each life cycle period and the major contributing process.* bring on an efficient sound judgment of the environmental consequences associated with a effrontery product.3Challenges encountered in conducting Life Cycle AssessmentPerforming an LCA could be time and resource intensive. Depending on how schoolwide the user wishes to conduct, gathering the data can be problematic, and the availability of data can greatly impact on the trueness of the final results. Therefore, it is important to consider the availability of data, the time required to obtain the study, and the financial resources necessary against the anticipated benefits of the LCA. disconcert 1 below shows the general challenges of LCA.Table 1The general challenges and difficulties of LCA methodology. determination comment and scopingIn conducting an LCA, the bell may be prohibitive to minor firms also, the required time to conduct LCA may exceed product ontogenesis constraints especially for short development cycles the temporal and spatial magnitude of a dynamic product system are complex to address translation of functional units for the evaluation of approach pattern alternatives can be problematic allocation methods used in delimitate system boundaries have inherent weaknesses complex products (e.g. automobiles) entails huge resources to analyse.Data accruementAvailability of data and access can be limiting e.g. proprietary data data quality, in cluding bias, precision completeness and accuracy ,are frequently not well addressed.Data EvaluationSophisticated models and model parameters for evaluating resource depletion, human wellness and ecosystem, may not be available or their ability to stand for the product system may be repulsive. Thus most times, suspense analyses of the results are a good deal not conducted.Information transferDesign decision-makers often lack knowledge about environmental effects, and aggregation and simplification techniques may distort results. Synthesis of environmental effect categories is limited because they are incommensurable. tally to (Keoleian, 2003)Both cost and time constraints currently limit thepractice of LCA. Most small companies are not likely to be able to afford specializing in LCA and pull down for larger firms, the benefits of investment in LCA may not be apparent immediately. In some cases, possible cost savings may not be identified unless full cost accounting systems hav e been instituted.Therefore, in other for it to be more cost effective, it should be coordinated into the existing environmental management system and information systems within a firm.Also, LCA will not conclude on which product is the most cost effective or works the best. Therefore, the information developed in an LCA should be used as one component of a more comprehensive decision process in assessing the trade-offs with cost and performance, an example is Life Cycle Management.4Present quality examples of uses of LCA.One example of the uses of Life cycle estimation is its application in the cornmeal mush and newspaper industry. Life cycle opinion is used to compare the environmental impact of the use of devil kinds of fuel i.e. heavy fuel oil and congenital gas, in the pulp and paper production process.Another, LCA methodology can be utilize to outlandish production. An example is the Life cycle analysis of sugar beet production using different forms of nitrogen fertil izers. It could be used in this expectation to quantify and evaluate the impact of the choice of different N fertilisers on the environmental burden associated with the sugar beet production system.Also, it could be applied in the bakery industry. An example is the life cycle analysis of cacography production by comparing homemade bread or industrial bread. In this context, it could be used to compare the environmental effects of producing bread at home or at the bakery showing which type of bread production has less environmental effects and how the environmental effects can be reduced.5Guidance and LCA amountsThere are external standard which help us on a lower floortake LCAs in a standard way. The Inter study Organization for Standardization (ISO) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies) and the ISO technical committees produce international standards on a pattern of topics.The ISO 14000 seriesThe ISO 14000 series relates to numerous facets of environmental management. These series includes ISO 14040 14043 and they were prepared by the Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental Management Subcommittee SC 5, Life Cycle Assessment. While ISO recognizes that LCA is still in a growing microscope peak of development, ISO 14040-14043 is a consensus- base, voluntary set of standards pertaining to LCA. ISO 14040 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and material Specifies the general framework, principles, and requirements for conducting and reporting life cycle assessment studies, but does not decipher the life cycle assessment technique in detail.ISO 14041 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Goal scope and definition and inventory analysis Specifies the requirements and procedures for the compilation and preparation of the definition of cultivation and scope for an LCA and for performing, interpreting, and reporting a life cycle inventory (LCI) analysis.ISO 14042 Environmental m anagement Life cycle assessment Life cycle impact assessment Describes and gives guidance on the general framework for the life cycle impact assessment (LCIA) kind of LCA, and the key features and inherent limitations of LCIA. It specifies requirements for conducting the LCIA phase and the relationship of LCIA to other LCA phases.ISO 14043 Environmental management Life cycle assessment Life cycle interpretation Provides requirements and recommendations for conducting the life cycle interpretation in LCA or LCI studies. It does not describe specific methodologies for the life cycle interpretation phase of LCA and LCI studies.(Dooley, 2002)ISO 140402006 Environmental management Life Cycle Assessment Principles and frameworkPAS20502008 Specification for the assessment of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of goods and run(Patterson, 2009)These standards set out the general process that should be followed when undertaking any Life Cycle Assessment and are not legally stick t o or enforceable.6Methodological framework6.1General requirementsThis analysis was performed using a methodological framework based on ISO (International Organization for Standardization) recommendations verbalise to a higher place and according to ISO, there are four phases in LCA goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and interpretation.6.2Goal and scope definition6.2.1 PurposeThe purpose of this study is the identification and assessment of the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, presidency and recycle of rap music water and glass bottle water. The briny fountain for conducting this study is to compare the environmental impact of the life cycle of overwork water with the life cycle of glass bottled water, to appropriate information on which of production processes has less environmental impact, to understand which of the processing stages account for the highest or lowest environmental effects and to evaluate how the enviro nmental impacts can be reduced. 6.2.2 Functional Unit (FU)The main purpose of the functional unit is to provide a reference unit to which the inventory data are normalised. In this assessment, the appropriate functional unit of water is related to 1 kg of por add-in water to be consumed and the equivalent amount which is 750 grams of water in the bottle6.2.3Study QuestionsThe study seeks to answer the following questions* What are the environmental impacts of tap water and glass bottle production?* What are the different materials used in the manufacture of these dickens products?* Which of the production processes has less environmental impact?6.2.4 Product descriptionThe products being assessed are glass bottle and tap water. The raw material used in the production of glass bottle are dolomite, sand, feldspar, limestone, silica sand, raw(a) gas, 2 litres of water and electricity bit the raw material used in the production of the tap water are water from lakes, water from river and underground water, chlorine, hydrogen peroxide, ozone, charcoal gray and electricity.6.2.5 Product system boundariesThe system being assessed produces glass bottle water and tap water using the typical life cycle stages.* cradle to material production for glass bottle and reuse.* Treatment and distribution of tap water.6.2.6Process flow mapsThe process flow for the glass bottle is delineated in figure 1 below and it includes the following Water, dolomite, soda, limestone, feldspar, sand, silica sand, natural gas, electricity, transport and liquidate brass (land filling and recycling).Figure 3The intercommunicate of the Life cycle analysis of the glass bottled water.Figure 4The lucre of the Life cycle analysis of the tap water.6.4.2Impact Assessment of the tap water and glass bottle waterThe coincidence is made up of the environmental impact of glass bottled water and tap water. For the glass bottle water, the environmental impact is also determined by the power require ments, the fundamental infrastructure and in this case, the waste government scenario is taken into consideration which involves the recycling of the glass. The power requirements and basic infrastructures includes Electricity, soda powder at the plant, natural gas, transport, manufacturing of the overturn white glass bottle and assemblage of glass bottle full of water. The analysis of the inventory carried out for the tap water shows that the environmental impact of tap water is determined by power requirements and by the basic infrastructure i.e. the electricity production medium, the pump station, por bow water , water supply network and supply of water. By contrast, the recycling equipment used in water treatment is less relevant in this context. The power drug addiction figures (percentages) are relatively accurate as they make a ascorbic acid%. Eco Eco-indicator 99 (l) V2.02/Europe El 99 l/l method was used in this study with regards to all the impact categories.For each of the two systems analysed using the SimaPro 7 LCA software, the potential contribution to climate change, ozone grade, Exotoxicity, acidification/eutrophication, respiratory organics, respiratory inorganics, radiation, carcinogens, land use and minerals are characterized. The results are presented below in histograms and in display boards.Generally there are 3 steps in Life Cycle Inventory Analysis, namely* Classification and moving-picture show,* Normalization, and* burdenClassification and characterization are mandatory element while normalization and burden are optional elements (Guinee, 2002 Hauschild, Jeswiet, Alting, 2005 ISO14000, 2000).6.4.3Characterisationgraph 1The impression under impact assessment for the life cycle analysis of the glass bottle.According to the characterisation chart in a higher place, the environmental impact is at the waste organization scenario and fix of glass bottle full of water but less at the transport process for all the impact cat egories. Table 4Table showing the characterisation result of the impact category in glass bottled waterClimate change Climate change is the change in the statistical distribution of weather over a period of time ranging from decades to millions of years. From chart 1 above, the main cause of climate change is more evident during the accumulation of glass bottle full of water, emission of carbon dioxide, NOx, SO2 etc during the waste disposal stages and at the transport stage due to emission of CO2 by the dray. These are indicated in gameboard 4 above where they contributed 1.49E-9, -5.92E-8 and 1.31E-9 respectively.Ozone layerThe ozone layer is a layer in Earths atmosphere containing relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs about 93-99% of the suns high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damage to life on earth. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the ozone layer is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste di sposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 3.71E-11, -7.45E-12 and 6.47E-13 respectively.EcotoxicityEcotoxicity refers to the potential for biological, chemical or physical stressors that affects the ecosystems. Such stressors might make out in the natural environment at concentrations, densities or levels high adequacy to disrupt the natural biochemistry, behaviour and interactions of the living organisms that comprise the ecosystem. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the ecotoxicity is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00779, -0.0171and 0.000516 respectively.Acidification/eutrophicationAcidification is a natural process used to describe the loss of nutrient bases i.e. calcium, magnesium and potassium through the process of leach and their replacement by acidic elements such as hydrogen and aluminium.Eutrophication is the increase in the concentration of chemical nutrients in an ecosystem to an level that it increases the primary productiveness of the ecosystem.From chart 1 above, the main cause of the Acidification/eutrophicationis assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.022, -0.00425 and 0.000211 respectively.Respiratory organicsFrom chart 1 above, the main cause of the respiratory organics is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 2.2E-10, -8.4E-11 and 2.02E-11 respectively.Respiratory inorganicsFrom chart 1 above, the main cause of the respiratory inorganics is assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 3.57E-7, -1.56E-7 and 2.94E-9 respectively.RadiationRadiation is energy that travels in form of waves or high-speed particles. It occurs naturally in sunlight and sound waves. If assailable to small amounts of radiation over a long time, it increases the risk of crabmeat and it can also cause mutations in genes, which could be pass on to generations after exposure.From chart 1 above, the main cause of the radiation is the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 1.11E-10,-1.25E-11 and 1.02E-12 respectively.CarcinogensA carcinogen is any substance or radiation, that is an agent directly involved in the exacerbation of cancer or in the increase of its propagation. From chart 1 above, the main cause of the carcinogen is the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 1.99E-8,-1.03E-8 and 3.41E-10 respectively.Land useLand use is the change of natural environment into built environment such as fields, pastures, and settlements. From chart 1 above, the major impact on land use is caused by the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00345,-0.00942 and 0.000176 respectively.MineralsMinerals are naturally occurring solid formed through geological processes with trace chemical compositions, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. From chart 1 above, the major impact on mineral is caused by the assembly of the glass bottle full of water, emission during the waste disposal stage and the transportation stage. These are indicated in table 4 above where they contributed 0.00586,-0.00357 and 0.00034 respectively.NB From the characterisation impact category, the negative number for the waste disposal stage is caused by the uptake of carbon from the atmosphere during the water disposal scenario.Chart 2The characterisation under impact assessment for the life cycle analysis of the tap water.From the characterisation chart above, the environmental impact occurred at the supply of water stage for all the impact categories.Table 5Table showing the characterisation result of the impact in the tap water6.4.4NormalizationNormalization is defined as the extent to which an impact category contributes to the total environmental burden (Guinee, 2002). When the values are normalized, comparison between impacts can be made. From chart 3 below, It was found that the main impact is from the assembly of glass bottle full of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are Carbon dioxide, fossil, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, lead, nitrogen oxides, particulates and sulphur oxide emissions that occurred during the manufacturing of the unemployed white glass bottle. The second impact is the waste disposal, this impact is caused during the waste scenario. The third impact being transport caused due to emission from the lorry taking the bottles to the retailer.Chart 3The standardisation under impact assessment for the life cycle of glass bottled waterTable 6 The normalisation under impact assessment for the glass bottled water.Chart 4 The normalisation under impact assessment for the life cycle of tap waterFrom the chart 4 above, It was found that the main impact is from the supply of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are aluminium, chloride and chlorine emissions that occurred during the production of the portable water.Table 7 The normalisation under impact assessment for the tap water6.4.5WeightingWeighting is a process by which indicators are aggregated into a single score. It makes use subjective exercising weight factors (Soares, Toffoletto, Deschenes, 2006).Based on table 7, the weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of the glass bottled water is given the same as normalization. The main impact occurred at the assembly of glass bottle full of water. Followed by waste disposal and transport impact.Chart 5 The weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of glass bottled waterTable 8The weighting under impact assessment for the glass bottled waterChart 6The weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of tap waterBased on table 8 below, the weighting under impact assessment for the life cycle of the tap water is given the same as the normalization. The main impact from the supply of water. The main substances that contributed to this impact are aluminium, chloride and chlorine emissions that occurred during the production of the portable water.Table 9The weighting under impact assessment for the tap waterConclusion / testimonyFrom the analysis conducted, tap water con tributed the least damage to the environment while glass bottle contributed the highest damage to this category. However, tap water still contributed even at a moderate effect and efforts are needed based on reducing the damages that could happen.Thus, from an environmental point of view, tap water is generally preferable to glass bottled water. If, as an exception, bottled water is consumed, its production process is much more relevant for its environmental impact than its assembly.Among the impacts identified are* The empty glass bottles production process contributes damages to the human health and the ecosystem quality.* The electricity generation process which uses natural gas has reduced the natural resource.To overcome these problems, suggestions of corrections are as follows1. The use of plastic bottles water to replace the glass bottle water2. The reliance on natural gas for electricity generation is suggested to be combined with other two types of renewable electricity gen eration namely* Using 25% solar energy (considering most manufacturing industries to divert into the use of solar energy).* Using 25% hydro-electric energy 25% considering the fact that electricity could be generated from the flowing water in the water treatment plant.* Using 50% natural gas.References credit line pollution information system website (2010) Acidification online Available from http//www.apis.ac.uk/overview/issues/overview_acidification.htm Accessed 12th April 2010British Standard, Environmental management Life cycle assessment Principles and framework. ISO 14040, 2010.Curran (2006) US EPA Life Cycle Assessment Principles and Practice. US EPA Office of Research and Development NRMRL Sustainable engineering science Division.Dooley. R (2001) Life Cycle Assessment Tools to Measure Environmental Impacts Assessing Their applicability to the Home Building Industry. NAHB Research Centre, Inc. 400 Prince Georges Blvd. Upper Marlboro, MD 20774Jungbluth (2006) resemblance of the Environmental Impact of Tap Water vs. Bottled Mineral Water. i -ESU-services, Kanzleistrasse 4, CH-8610 Uster, SwitzerlandKeoleian. A (2003) The application of life cycle assessment to design. National Pollution saloon Center, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Dana Building, 430 E. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1115, USALopes. E and Dias. A et al (2002) Application of life cycle assessment to the Portuguese pulp and paper industry. Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810 Aveiro, Portugal, Journal of Cleaner Production 11 (2003) 51-59.Medline convinced(p) website (2010) Radiation Exposure online Available from http//www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/radiationexposure.html Accessed 12th April 2010Patterson. T (2009) LIFE regular recurrence ASSESSMENT (LCA). Sustainable Environment research centre, University of Glamorgan.

Challenges Facing Health Care Providers and Health Insurance

Challenges Facing wellness C be Providers and wellness Insurance case challenges veneer Health care providers while dealing with Health restitutions a case culture of a privy hospital in capital of Kenya KenyaIntroductionDefine wellness finance (who,2000)world wellness report A wellness form is the sum total of all the organizations, ititutions and resources whoseprimary intent is to promote, be restored or maintain wellness (WHO, 2000).Effectiveness, efficiency andequity of wellness financing system is determined by interaction of the three health financing functions to wit collection of revenues, the pooling of pre-paid revenues and purchasing.Purchasig means the process by which interventions are selected and returnss are paid for or providers are paid. Healthcare providers are part of health system and re key component of health system fortify and they play a signifi fag endt role in determining whether the goals of a health system can be achieved.It is important t hat the buyers of go order provider representment methods with organizationalarrangements for service providers and other incentives for economical service homeworkIn Kenya most(prenominal) of the private health insurances operate on a vendee provider split dashl with the insurances being directly responsible for(p) for entering into purchase agreements with providers and reimbursing them. Most of the provider payment is fee for service with a few health management organizations trying break through the capitation mode of payment on outpatient run.Before the claims are approved for payments they nonplus to undergo done the schemes claims process for eligibility purposes. According to S. Sodzi-Tetteyet al (2012) the purchasing function of health financing has been beset with problems of delay in provider payments. A study by Ministry of Health, Ghana, (2009) showed that in 2008 health facilities nationwide were owed a total of USD 32.6M most of it in unpaid claims while health providers themselves reported a 2-6 month delaying having their bills settled.Health insurance schemes are being apply as an alternatives funding for health welkin (Baltussen et al 2000).Insurance authorities are established to secure improvements in the health of the population by assessing health needs of the population ,determining the most cost effective mean of meeting these needs and contracting with providers to grant the required services.They are different types of health insurance models and one of them is the emptor /provider care for models .they are many advantages to this arrangement according to ZurnAdams (2004) among them compile of services providers to offer quality care however this model can also lead to major problems which according to Sakyi et al (2012)could be immense among them being late reimbursement thus increasing the monetary volatility of health providers which may in turn propel service delivery collect to lack of finances to buy dru gs ,to improve health facilities, to pay health workers to buy commodities among other things .witterGarshong ,(2009) says that providers who depend heavily on subsidies from the insurances could offer sad quality care when they are under billed or a large portion of their claims are rejected.The study will explore the challenges experienced by health care providers dealing with private health insurances particularly the claim processing.Problem statementsHealth providers are offering health services to health insurances clients yet the insurances are not honoring their pledges to pay. There so many rejected bills after clients are discharged many providers have unsettled bills by the patients because after services were offered the insurances give decline earn or covered bills up to a certain limit.A volume of time and money ,human resource is used in reconciliation of the accounts and in most cases the claims are not paid and as sakyi et al (2012) says this increases financial volatility of the health care providers which may in turn affect service delivery due to lack of finances to buy commodities and pay workers.witter Garshong (2009)continue to say that providers wo depend heavily on subsidies form the insurances could offer abject quality care when they are under billed or a large portion of their claims are rejected..Research ObjectivesThe study seeks to explore the challenges facing healthcare providers while dealing health insurance companies.The specific objectives of the study will beTo establish the administrative challenges facing health providers in executing operable steerage of health insurances.To establish the challenges healthproviders face from the health insurance during service delivery to their clients.To establish the challenges health providers face from the health insurance after the delivery of service to their clientTo come up with recommendations that would be used by the health providers and health insurance to pick up a workable purchaser provider splint systemResearch QuestionsThe study will answer the following explore questionsWhat are the administrative challenges facing health providers in executing operational guidance of health insurances(admission process, scheduled cases ,emergency cases )What are challenges health providers face during service delivery to health insurance clients(declines,exclusion ,limited covers ,clients not knowing their limits )What are the challenges health providers face from the health insurance after the delivery of service to their clients.(rejections of claims ,late reimbursements What are the political challenges facing healthcare financing towards universal coverage by NHIF?What are the recommendations to health providers and health insurance to ensure a workable purchaser provider splint system divinatory frameworkHealth insurance theoryUtility theory behavioral model of utilizationEvent model of studying health services utilization med care 1998.Conceptual frameworkDependent variable-Challenges faced by health providersIndependent variable-Operational guidelines (preauthorization process-preadmission process).service prep(admissionpost service provision (claim and reimbursement process)Significance of the analyseHealth providers are key in health system strengthening and key stakeholders in attainment of universal health coverage (delloitte ,2012)hence the importance to find out ways of ensuring both the private and public insurance work harmoniously with providers.Help policy makers in making decision like proper ttraining their enrolessabout their benefits ,providers to hve mechanism to carry out operational guidelines,Policy makers need access to knowledge on purchaser provider splint system dynamics and the appropriate responses. Therefore, the study provides guidance and recommendations instrumental in designing appropriate policies that regulate the healthcare sector and what need to be done to ensure workable /effective and e fficient system. The study will also be a reference satisfying to the healthcare insurance firms, healthcare providers/institutions and other stakeholders.Relevant data that could hold for recommendations that could be implemented to strengthen the role of private health insurance players or providers or to strengthen provider and purchaser reltionshipMethodology of the StudyIt will be an exploratory study .Qualitative andquantitative approaches will be used for primary datacollection using interview guides and checklists.ReferencesWHO,the world Health report 2000Health systemsimproving performance ,Geneva ,World Health Organisation,2000

Overview of Health Behaviour Theories

Overview of wellness Behaviour TheoriesAPPENDIXHEALTH BEHAVIOUR THEORIESThe biomedical perspectiveThe biomedical perspective incorporates the biomedical conjecture in which patients be assumed to be passive recipients of doctors instructions.Behavioural (learning) perspectiveThis perspective incorporates behavioral learning speculation (BLT) which is focused on the environment and the teaching of skills to get along love.Communication perspectiveCommunication is said to be the cornerstone of each patient-practitioner relationship p. 56. This perspective suggests that improved provider-client communication will enhance adherence and implies that this can be achieved by means of patient education and good health care moveer communication skills an approach ground on the whimsy that communication needs to be clear and comprehensible to be effective. It too places emphasis on the timing of treatment, instruction and comprehension.Cognitive perspectiveThe cognitive perspect ive includes theories such as the health belief model (HBM), social-cognitive surmisal (SCT), the theories of reasoned action (TRA) and planned demeanour (TPB) and the protection motivation theory (PMT). These theories focus on cognitive variables as part of behaviour change, and helping the assumption that attitudes and beliefs, as well as expectations of future effects and expirys, are major determinants of health related behaviour. In the face of various alternatives, these theories propose, individuals will bring the action that will lead most likely to positive outcomes.Health Belief ModelThe HBM views health behaviour change as based on a rational appraisal of the balance between the barriers to and benefits of action. fit in to this model, the sensed seriousness of, and susceptibility to, a disease influence individuals perceived threat of disease. Similarly, perceived benefits and perceived barriers influence perceptions of the effectiveness of health behaviour. In turn, demographic and socio-psychological variables influence some(prenominal) perceived susceptibility and perceived seriousness, and the perceived benefits and perceived barriers to action. Perceived threat is influenced by cues to action, which can be internal (e.g. symptom perception) or external (e.g. health communication).The protection-motivation theoryAccording to this theory, behaviour change may be achieved by appealing to an individuals consternations. Three components of fear arousal are postulated the magnitude of harm of a depicted event the probability of that events occurrence and the efficacy of the protective response. These, it is contended, combine multiplicatively to ensure the intensity of protection motivation, coreing in activity occurring as a result of a desire to protect oneself from danger. This is the only theory within the broader cognitive perspective that explicitly uses the costs and benefits of existing and recommended behaviour to predict the likeliness of change.Social-cognitive theoryThis theory evolved from social learning theory and may be the most comprehensive theory of behaviour change developed therefrom far. It posits a multifaceted causal structure in the regulation of pitying motivation, action and well-being and pleads both predictors of adherence and guidelines for its promotion. The basic organising principle of behaviour change proposed by this theory is reciprocal determinism in which there is a continuous, dynamic interaction between the individual, the environment and behaviour.Theory of planned behaviour and the theory of reasoned action (TRA)The first work in this field of view was on the TRA.The TRA assumes that most socially relevant behaviours are under volitional control, and that a persons intention to commit a particular behaviour is both the immediate determinant and the single best predictor of that behaviour. An intention to per ricochet a behaviour is influenced by attitudes towards th e action, including the individuals positive or negative beliefs and evaluations of the outcome of the behaviour. It is also influenced by subjective norms, including the perceived expectations of important others (e.g. family or work colleagues) with regard to a persons behaviour and the motivation for a person to espouse with others wishes. Behavioural intention, it is contended, then results in action.Information-motivation-behavioural skills (IMB) theoryThis theory was developed to foster contraceptive use and prevent HIV transmission. IMB was constructed to be conceptually based, generalisable and simple. It has since been custom-built specifically to designing interventions to promote adherence to ART.Self-regulation perspectivesSelf-regulatory theory is the main theory in this domain. Developed to conceptualise the adherence process in a way that re-focuses on the patient, the theory proposes that it is necessary to examine individuals subjective ensure of health threats to understand the way in which they adapt to these threats. According to this theory, individuals form cognitive representations of health threats (and related emotional responses) that combine new tuition with past experiences.Stage perspectivesThe transtheoretical model (TTM)This theory is most prominent among the symbolize perspectives. It hypothesizes a number of qualitatively different, discrete stages and processes of change, and reasons that people move through these stages, typically relapsing and revisiting earlier stages before success. This theory is said to offer an integrative perspective on the structure of intentional change p. 1102 the perceived advantages and disadvantages of behaviour are crucial to behaviour change.Lakhan, 2006

Types of Communication and the Barriers

Types of colloquy and the BarriersDefinition, Types of chatCommunication is cognise as a medium of conference, is a simple act of transferring in get toation from point A to point B. Although this definition back end sound as simple as it is, just now when it variantiate the contrary type of discourse it dumbfound to a greater extent complex.Spoken, Verbal/ Non Verbal CommunicationCommunication can be kn avouch as verbalize, and it is called as verbal intercourse, an effectual verbal or spoken communication depends on the clarity of speech, the listening skill of the attendant. Verbal communication can either be brass instrument to face, through radio and as well television. On the other hand, non verbal communication would be depending on the embody verbiage of someone, the gestures when theyre talking toing. Interpersonal communication does non only mince of words but too movement of the communicateer, non verbal communication be most alikely to contain m essages that be conveyed by the speaker. Non verbal communication can consist of face expression, the tone of speaking, and the body quarrel displayed on the speaker while he/she is speaking. The non verbal communication gives a commode more(prenominal) of clues and information about someone comp ard to verbal communication. indite SkillsWriting skills is in addition a nonher important part of communication replete(p)ly piece of musical composition skills can allow you to conduct your message to the audience through face to face or charge through writing. Correct grammar, spelling and punctuation mark is crucial in writing skills, for example, when youre writing a CV to apply for a job in a hotel, the better the writing skills the high the chances you will get the job.VisualizationsWe could also communicate by visual graphs such(prenominal) as charts or graph, logos, and other form of visualisation figure. This is generally employ during a conference or a meeting to send information of the company or the data, for example the annual sales of the hotel or the marketing plan of the hotel.Social MediaSocial media is also a form of communication to interact, using the net become and applications that ar honey oilly used examples, emails, Whatsapp, Wechat, Facebook. We can slow interact with anyone at anytime. The net control ware created a vigour distance for us, for example, having video conferencing meeting with the head quarters of the company that are in United Kingdom when the office is in Singapore. The network has been the superlative creation ever to break almost every communication barriers that we suck.Communication barriersCommunication between two individuals can be simple if in that locations not much barriers between them, but there are huge differences between talking and communicating. When we communicate, we can successfully in acquire the points that the other person is trying to say on the other hand, when we talk, we wo uld ripe ignore the barriers that expertness hinder the ability to communicate between each(prenominal) other. there are seven divers(prenominal) types of communication barriers to more effective communicating, this includesPhysical barriersEmotional barriers pagan barriersGenders barriersInterpersonal barriersPerceptual barriersLanguage barriersThere are a few tenability that might seduce been the of import barriers among human communication, for example the main reason why we can easily encounter communication barriers is due to the language differences that we might speak, even if we could speak the same language, the differences of the accent might come unfamiliar to us and it might be quite hard to understand. On the other hand, another reason why communication will fail it may be lack of interest of the person which is talking or the listener might have distr fulfills from the other the great unwashed nearby or even the noises of the crowds. Another misjudgement of co mmon error is that people tend to expect what they hear rather than what is rattling being spoken and jumping straight into inaccurate conclusions.Physical barriersThe milieu has been one of the main reason that causes physical barriers among employees and employers, for example, if the environment in the hotel isnt quiet, the speaker isnt talking in a loud voice, the listener wouldnt be able to hear what messages is being delivered. Distance also plays an important role. For example, if the system in the company is do to sit in different floors or departments in the hotel, they likely would have difficulties on communicating face to face and due to long term relying on technology such as phone calls and emails it distances the relationship of the employees and employers.Emotional barriersIn a workplace, facing staffs and bosses might be a stressful t consume. Maintaining a level-headed relationship in the workplace is crucial. check to Bud Craig,(2008) the classical emotions such as anger and fear, will continuously give-up the ghosts an individual to fight or fail to cooperate, therefore this is why works in an environment that does not spend a penny us happy and make us felt do by will lead the employees to lost interest and brings out negative impact.Cultural barriersWorking in the hotel, there might be employees of different crowd age every different age group would have different ways and perception of working. The age group of people would always have conflicts of describing older workers as out of touch and those who just went into the governing would be criticised by the older workers as slackers during work time and not endlessly steeringsing on work. Another reason of cause of cultural barriers is that the staffs would always believe in status and resistance in any classify of work place, staffs who assumed themselves as seniority status may scrape up it hard to adapt into environments where the job tittles might be de-emphasized. Gender barriersAccording to Heather R,(2005), being well aware of the following generalizations will always help the organisation to have more effectively in the work place, for examples, women staffs would likely talk about people, and on the other hand, male staffs like to talk about tangible things such as sports, food and drinks. Women staffs ask many questions to gain an understanding on an issue that they are not clear about while men staffs always gives information more than asking questions Women staffs focus on feelings and senses, while man staffs always focus on the facts and the logic of conundrums.Interpersonal barriersThe lack of desire on alive(p) organisation events might be another reason of interpersonal barriers, around staffs of the older age would be more frustrated on work and do not really like to socialise among the community in the company. Some other staffs who might be an introvert might also have unwillingness to explore, giving out new ideas during st affs meetings, or even speaking out the own views of the organisation, in the long run, this may lead to more unwillingness on working and even extremely queer among themselves.Perceptual barriersAs human, we always have our own preferences, self values, different attitudes and we see it as a own kind of flitters in make decisions and perception of thinking. Thinking in our own filters and ignoring others panorama may lend to all sort of assumptions and misunderstanding.Language barriersWorking in the front office in the hotel industry, one must be runny in different types of languages, while people in Malaysia can ordinarily speak more than 3 different languages and dialects, the dialectal differences will make communicating with different individuals harder. Language disabilities are the physical impediments to languages, we could not talk person which have dysphonia or how have hearing loss. According to the Rwanda tuition Board, (2008) indicates that around 85,730 of the s taffs in the hospitality sector are not runny in foreign languages and therefore have less efficacy on customer service. It is also identified that language deficiency is the major problem of the hindering growth in the hospitality industry.I went to a hotel nearby my house to interview the front desk manager about the barriers that might eliminate working in the hotel line.Questionnaire and AnswersHow long have you been working in this trading?According to Ms.Cheng, (2015) she have been working in the hotel industry for more than 20 years.How did you frontmost get into this profession?According to Ms. Cheng, (2015) she stated that her mother used to be a hotelier for her whole life, her mother inspired her to become a person like her mom, being a hotelier that cares for the people, a dedicated staff and one who try her best to serve and action the need of the people who lives in the hotel.Do you like your job?Ms Cheng is a really responsible worker and she never shown up afte r-hours before for the past years of working.What is the toughest problem that you have encountered so uttermost?Stated by Ms. Cheng, (2015), working to serve the community isnt an sonant job, people all throughout the world have different cultures and beliefs, but the hardest problem to cope with is the attitude of rude or bad mannered invitees.What kind of communication barrier that will affect the job working in the front line of the hotel industry?Ms Cheng stated that the language barriers is the main problem to communicate among guests, because when we do not understand the language that is being spoke, we cant communicate and this will lead the guest to lose their temper leaving a bad impression to the company.When problems occurred, what does the organisation do to help solve the problems?The company would do their best to get even the situation of satisfaction or misunderstanding between the guest and the staffs. (Cheng, Interview)What are the ways to avoid having these c ircumstances working in the hotel line?When interviewed on 4th May 2015, Ms Cheng confirmed that hiring only experienced staffs with higher education level is as important as hiring staffs that have good ethics, personality, and the company should be really serious on picking people to join the company and even conduct an evaluating between the people that are in-charged in the organisation before hiring new staffs to the company.What is the main reason that communication breakdown a great deal happens in working front line?Cheng (2015) made the claim those companies not only in the hotel industry nowadays often hires stranger workers that are from Bangladesh, Nepal to work, and as for foreigners they do not speak our matter language well or even any other language such as Chinese, English and the main reason why organisation still hire them is because the wages that is needed to hire a foreigner worker is lower than hiring the people from our own country, it helps to cut down th e represent and budgets for the company and hence leads to more and more barriers to be faced during working period.Conclusion and RecommendationsIn this task, I have learnt that how a company communicates among the employee and how an formation work together. Besides, I learned that communication barriers come in different ways such as language carriers, cultural barriers, and emotional barriers and so on. Throughout the questionnaire and listening upon the interviewers answers based on the questions I have asked, I realised that effective communication is the key of managing a good company to success because a company that is poor in communication will always lead to ultimately misunderstandings. According to Forbes, (2009) problem answer is the superlative enabler for growth and opportunity. This is why they say failure serves as the greatest lesson in business and in life. In my own opinion, realising the problem is the first step to success, knowing the problems of the comp any, analyzing why problems occur and do appropriate action to fix the problem as soon as possible. In my own opinion, realising the problem is the first step to success, knowing the problems of the company, analyzing why problems occur and performing appropriate action to fix the problem as soon as possible.

The Bogart Essay -- essays research papers

Have you ever wondered how long it would be to inherit a castle in Scotland? What if it was haunted by a sprit called a Boggart? The book I read called The Boggart by Susan cooper is a study based on something uniform that happening.The main story takes place in Toronto, Canada. The Volink family inherited a castle in Scotland from Mr. McDevon the produces uncle. The two children in the story are Emily and Jessup. Emily is the oldest. She is smart brave and very sensitive towards the Boggart, once she understood him. Jessup is very smart, loves computers, and was a segment of a computer gang called the Gang 5. The parents of Emily and Jessup were Robert and Maggie Volink. Robert works in the field of force and Maggie owns and runs an antique store. The Volink family were excited and amazed that they inherited a castle. But what the Volinks did not know was that a spirit called a Boggart lived there.The Boggart is a sprit that is neither good or bad. He mainly plays practical jokes on people. It is like a little child that can be friendly towards mortals. Boggarts cannot be seen or heard..The Volink family sold the castle right away because it would be to dear(predicate) to keep. Emily and Jessup kept two pieces of furniture to bring home. What they didnt realize was that a Boggart was sleeping in the desk they took home. When the Boggart got up he realized he was no longer home in Scotland in his castle.As the Boggart got comfortable he began his practical jokes in Toronto. He wou...

Time in The Great Gatsby :: Great Gatsby Essays

Time in The Great Gatsby        Time is an idea depict in different periods and aspects, for example philosophical, psychological, physical and biological.  This time flows evenly still is broken into the knightly, present and time to come.  Since we only live in the present endlessly planning for our futures and dreams, when we try to live in the past it restricts our future.  Throughout Fitzgeralds novel, Gatsby wasted time and his life for a single dream, and it was his deceit of his ideal future that made time a key dimension in his life.        Gatsby suffers from past memories of Daisy and tries to relive the relationship and in the process Gatsby was murdered.  Nick says, Almost fiver years  There must have been moments even that afternoon when Daisy tumbled brusk of his dreams - not through her own fault, but because of the colossal vitality of his illusion.  Gatsbys idealistic view of Daisy was, she was of nice and perfect form and after he kisses her, his ideal perfect relationship starts to decay,  ...and the incarnation was complete.  The incarnation pith Daisy cannot be ideally perfect anymore now that Gatsbys with her. Daisy is not pure and perfect like Gatsby thought she was in the past. From Gatsbys illusions of the past preoccupying all his thoughts, he forgets about the key dimension he exists in which is the present.        Although Gatsby was persistent on reliving the past, Gatsby vaguely lived for the present. This is apparent when he cancels his biology by divergence home, changing his name, and leaving his heritage behind which was not done by following the past.  In the past Jay Gatsby made, ...a platonic conception of himself.  What Nick utter about Gatsbys platonic hypothesis of himself was that Gatsby ...was a son of God.  From Jay Gatsbys theory he makes a ideal conception of himself, of which he pr ojects himself into the future. Ultimately Gatsby is unexpended with the choices to ...suck on the pap of life, gulp down the incomparable milk of wonder, or kiss Daisy and ...his learning ability would never romp again like the mind of God.  In Gatsbys choices he is to climb the ladder to God which represents Gatsbys future or choose Daisy and choose the past.

The Democratic Symbol Essay -- Politics Government Symbolism Essays

The Democratic Symbol The word donkey has keep down to have a minus connotation in todays society. In Websters Handy College Dictionary, the definition for a donkey is an behind or a stupid or obstinate person. iodin would presume that with such a meaning, the Democratic Party, one of the main semipolitical parties in the United States, would not be associating itself with such a negative imageization. The first use of the donkey as the Democratic symbol occurred during Andrew capital of Mississippis run for president in 1828. Because of his populist views and the slogan, Let the peck rule, his opponents tried to label him as a jackass, save Jackson used the name-calling and turned it into his advantage by placing the donkey on his campaign posters (The Democratic). Since its first application in 1828 the donkey is a symbol that is now clearly associated with the Democratic Party. This association is present because the attributes that complement this symbol are some of the many attributes that characterize and position the Democratic Party. Although the mass might view the donkey as a representation of something stupid, or silly, the Democratic Party, on the other hand, has come to view the donkey as a symbol that stands for intelligence, courage, and humility (The Democratic). One of many important characteristics that define the Democratic Party is its members ability to solve issues that affects the troupe or the nation in an intelligent manner. This ability came into play on October 29, 1929, at the start of the Great Depression (New Deal). The intrinsic instability of the market brought about the Great Depression in 1929, and to subside this instability, government intervention was necessary t... ...eal. Wikipedia. 22 Nov. 2004. .Robinson, Dan. 108th U.S. Congress Nears End of Its Term. articulate of America. 22 Nov. 2004, Washington, D.C. 22 Nov. 2004. .Rosembaum, David E. As standoff ends, Clinton is seek ing the high domain. New York Times. 21 Nov. 1995, New York, NY A1. ProQuest. George Mason University, Fenwick Library. 22 Nov. 2004.Stinnett, Ronald F. Democrats, Dinners, & Dollars A archives of the Democratic Party, its Dinners, its Rituals. Ames, IA The Iowa State University Press, 1967.The Democratic Donkey. DNC The Democratic National Committee. 14 Nov. 2004. .The President, The Public, and The Parties. Washington, D.C. congressional Quarterly Inc., 1997 30.

Career Choice :: essays research papers

Choosing a career is one of the or so important decisions a soul has to switch in their life. It is so important because that is what we will have to do to support ourselves through discover life. Imagine being stuck in a at peace(predicate) end job and having to go to work every morning and dreading it. That is no spending ones time and life is too bunco to work 35 years and be unhappy with it. If a somebody likes the job they do then it is not work, because finding satisfaction out of a job can bring great happiness. That culture has enabled me to make the decision of choosing my area of study and career in the field of knowledge Technology.Many things have lead up to my decision to choose a career in Information Systems. It started at my first semester at my topical anesthetic community college. I was enrolled in their graphic design program and most of the classes I was taking consisted of art classes. My first computer class was functional in Adobe Illustrator and Phot oshop. They are graphic programs that many graphic designers use to make their design work. While working with these programs I was very intrigued by the power of computers and how they work. While going to school at the local community college I soon got a job at CitiMortgage working at the computer help desk. I was learning more than about computers and networking which helped lead to my decision to change my degree of study to information systems.Along with my change of interest and working for a company that helps carry for my school I was looking for a better college to attend and that had a program that would fit my needs. I soon became aware of Maryville University and the weekend and level college program that they offered.

Raney :: Essays Papers

RaneyIn my opinion, I did not like this book. I do not like books, which take in racist notions. How could she be so narrow-minded? Her parents taught her everything when it came to treating people who were different as different, and she could not globeage to ignore their advice. She was a very racist woman, which caused a conflict between her and her husband, whose best friend was a black man named greyback Dobbs. Raney believed that if her mother could be racist that she could be too. This caused conflict with Charles because she believed she could eaves go down on Charless phone conservations through the heating vent in the bedroom.Charles and Raney had very different beliefs and that is why they have trouble getting along with each other sometimes. Raney comes from a family who has strong family and religious ties. Charles is not a serious church attendant, and his family is very spread out across the nation, preventing him from see them on a regular basis. Charles is a h ighly educated man, whereas Raney has plainly a High School degree. The only things that they have in third estate are that they both have respect for each other and they both like music. This is not a very strong basis for a relationship between two people who are supposed to be in love.In the beginning, Raney is a mamas girl who wants to do everything that her mother did when she was young. On the honeymoon she was dysphoric with Charles because he didnt do exactly what he was supposed to do, which means that he did not do exactly what Raneys father did on his honeymoon. On his honeymoon, he retributory stood there in his Fruit of a Loom underwear drinkable champagne out of a plastic cup. She was probably told how the honeymoon went from her mother. oneness of the biggest conflicts the couple had was the fact that Raney was very racist and Charles best friend was black. Charles was upset because he did not agree with Raneys feelings towards Mr. Dobbs. This is another thing that Raney was taught by her parents to be racist. At one point, it appears that Raney is getting over her racist views when Johnny Dobbs is named the godfather of her child. The only thing that keeps it the same way, racist, is that he still stays at the Ramada Inn.

Graduation Speech: An Amazing Year! :: Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

To be all in all honest, at the end of my junior family, I felt ready to be up here. I watched a lot of my friends go through their senior year and felt completely prepared to move on. I could hardly hold water the thought of an separate year at County High School, in what I thought would be stagnant water. At that point in my life, I had no idea how more I had left to learn and how much one more year at County High would mean. It ended up being, collectively, one of the most amazing experiences I have even had. From the really beginning, it was not what I expected. Boys tennis, never a very strong team at County High, surprised me, and alone was an unforgettable experience. I never depicted myself playing in the league finals, I was as surprised as anyone, and when I missed out on state, I was as frustrate as anyone. Other activities left their mark finally being baffling in art, finally playing with the jazz band, finally being completely done with pit orchestra. I also nev er imagined a intimacy called knowledge bowl could be so much fun. Each activity, in itself, built a memory I will forever hold. More even than the activities, the plurality I became close to this year have grown to be cornerstones of who Ive become. most(prenominal) of my good friends graduated last year and I thought I would be lost without them. The situation ended up being the read opposite, however, and I now cannot imagine what I would be like had I never become close to my good friends now. I have watched myself, and those close to me become better, stronger people. I now can say that I would not give up a second of my time here for anything. The teachers here, the other students, the opportunities and the experiences have made me what I am today.

malvo case, death penalty :: essays research papers fc

Malvo Case Beltway SniperIssueShould minors be put to death for the crimes they commit?Relevance to Case At leadMalvo was 17 when him and his accomplice (Muhammad) killed more than four people in a sniping spree. I believe that Malvos major influence was Muhammad, 41. Malvo did most of the shooting, tho as an adolescent it may not seem fair to be put to death. As a minor, it is so easy to get manipulated and compeer pressured into doing things that occur only because their maturity level has not developed. At ages 16-17 a teen is s manger immature and does things without realizing the seriousness of the consequences. At the same prison term there are juveniles that are leaders of gangs and have a hoi polloi of criminal intent on injuring or permanently harming others. How can we associate the children that do not know the seriousness of crimes they have through, from children that matured a lot faster and know the seriousness in everything they have done?Research FindingsIt i s a tough decision when it comes to determining whether a juvenile should be put to death or not. Research has also claimed that the mankind brain is not fully developed, specifically the frontal lobe, until the early 20s. (Cassel, 03) All of our sources of organization, planning, strategizing, judgment, reasoning, and impulse control is not fully complete till the ages of 21 or 22(Cassel, O3). Malvo was 17 at the age of the murders and very easily persuaded by Muhammad. Should he be accountable for his mistakes by death or is it possible that a weekly dose of counseling and jail time be seen as a better punishment for him. Adolescents as a group, even at the age of 16-17, are more impulsive than adults. They undervalue risks and overvalue short-term benefits. They are more susceptible to stress, more emotionally volatile, and less capable of controlling their emotions than adults.(Cooperman, 04) If a child is raised around violence then its belike for the child to engage in v iolent behavior. This also depends how the violence is staged in front of the child. In this case, Malvo was taught violence rather than just seeing it second hand. This makes it more likely for Malvo to do violence acts, but how much of this is really his fault? He is still a minor and has not reached any stage of maturity.

China :: essays research papers fc

Qin ShihuangdiAmong one of the archetypal dynasties the Qin dynasty would be the start torevolutionize the world. The Qin dynasty was rule by Qin Shihuangdi in the late 200sBCE. In creating the first empire, Qin Shihuangdi divided the land into separate provincesand districts, stockized laws and public works.Qin created a bureaucratism in China by dividing the lands into thirty-six separateprovinces, The first emperor divided the country into thirty-six commanderies...(Territorial, Political and Cultural product of China, 309). These provinces were get ondivided into many separate districts which were governed by three Qin representatives a genteel governor, a military governor and an imperial inspector. These three representativesgoverned their districts and collected taxes for the emperor, thence tax collection andconscription of men for the army and labor on government projects and all other importantfunctions were centralized (Peijin). Creating a bureaucracy ca apply Chi na to modify andset ideas of laws.Along with the implementation of the bureaucracy came a lot standardization. The written language was standardized, as were the systems of weights, measurementsand currencies, The individual systems of weights, measures and currency which hadexisted in distributively of the Warring States were changed to conform to the Qin state standard(Peijin). Furthermore, an uniform set of laws were naturalised throughout the empire. Even such seemingly trivial things like the axle repeat in carts were standardized, ... eventhe axle length of carts was made uniform (Peijin). Because with a standard size cart, theemperor was able to build standard size roads. worldly concern works was a huge part of the Empire. Construction of the Great environbegan during Qins rule, although it didnt reach its full glory until the Ming dynasty, TheQin dynasty commanded a mellow level of technological skill and artistic talent, as attested bythe first emperors mausoleum, a n enormous complex of underground domiciliate extendingover an area of twenty-one square miles(Territorial, Political and Cultural Growth ofChina, 309). Many canals and roads were built during his reign,...established conditionsfor the improvement of production, transportation, communications, administration andcultural mingle among the different parts of the country (Peijin). Public works is stillused today in the modern world.Dividing the land into separate provinces and districts, standardizing laws and