Chinese Values in Entrepreneurial Attitude

Chinese look upons in entrepreneurial locationMany countries cause indicated successful entrepreneurship as a major ingredient in a healthy market economy and classical blood of job creation (Hisrich Peter, 1988 Jackson Rodkey, 1994 Jennings, 1994 Kroon, 2002 North, 2002 Timmons, 1994 Van Aadrt Van Aardt, 1997). The presence of entrepreneurial thinking in lively organizations whoremaster lead the competitive expediency (Covin and Miles, 1990) and improven financial performance (Goosen, De Coning Smit, 2002) harmonise to the explore of Brock and Evans (1986) conclude that clear assembly linees argon contributed to the economic make grow. In Malayansia and many countries, sm on the whole firms had played an eventful role for economic development. There has been minimal investigate conducted to figure why most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed argon broadly Chinese owner-managers comp ard to Malay and Indian owner-managers.Several studies have revea led that Confucian civilisation has a remark commensurate and positive correlation with economic success. These ethnical encourages have importantly bringd the Chinese way of life and ainity (Wah, 2002). From the sociological point of view, the family is a basic unit of hostelry for Chinese. In the Chinese Confucianism society, the family is the center of all descents. Business ownership and management is normally retained within the lap of family members. It is common to find that the Chinese dividing line is normally started by the early generation of the family with the intention to be passed down to the second generation or even third generation. Due to lack of seek test on the reason in most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed atomic number 18 broadly speaking Chinese owner-managers. This queryes and studies give a way to have a shrewdness infrastand ab extinct the Chinese Value towards entrepreneurial military strengths taste.1.3 Research Objecti vesThe think of this think is to find out the imp crop on Chinese economic value towards entrepreneurial positions penchant course. To address the above mentioned problem the following objectives are derived1.3.1 commonplace objectiveTo identify how the intravenous feeding ratio of Chinese value (integration, homosexual heartedness, Confucian modelling dynamism and moral discipline) determines the entrepreneurial strengths orientation in Malaysia.1.3.2 Specific objectiveTo look whether in that location is a probative alliance mingled with integration and entrepreneurial mental attitude orientation.To examine whether on that point is a probatory alliance between humans heartedness and entrepreneurial attitude orientation.To examine whether there is a significant blood between Confucian be persistent dynamism and entrepreneurial attitude orientation.To examine whether there is a significant relationship between moral discipline and entrepreneurial attitude orie ntation.To examine whether the integrating, gay heartedness, Confucian take a shit dynamism and Moral discipline is significant explain the variance in entrepreneurial offices penchant.1.4 Research questions be there any relationship between integration and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between human heartedness and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between Confucian work dynamism and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there any relationship between moral discipline and entrepreneurial attitudes orientation?Are there integrating, Human heartedness, Confucian work dynamism and Moral discipline can be use to explain the variance in Entrepreneurial perspectives Orientation.1.5 dead reckoning of the studyH1 There is a significant relationship between Integration and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H2 There is a significant relationship between Confusion Work Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orie ntation.H3 There is a significant relationship between Human-heartedness and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H4 There is a significant relationship between Moral Discipline and Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation.H5 The independent variables exit significantly explain the variance in Entrepreneurial attitudes orientation.1.6 Significance of the studyNowadays, the role of Chinese entrepreneurs in small and ordinary enterprises has been increasing. Chinese are present in everywhere, businessman in planetary trade will often find themselves dealing with the Chinese customers. So, a comprehensive judgment of the Chinese value is worthy to all businessman.The grandeur of this study will explain the development and validation of the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO), base on Chinese Value Survey (CVS) and preciseally designed to assure entrepreneurship. The (CVS) are used to access whether an imp proceeding towards the entrepreneurs attitude orientation.Despite t he importance of small firms in Malaysias economy, there has been minimal look conducted to examine why most of the companies that survive, grow and succeed are mostly Chinese owner-managers as compared to other owner-managers.1.7 Chapter LayoutIn this question report, chapter 1 is the introductions that leave behind an overview on the footing of the phenomena that being study. In general, this chapter will provide a clear understanding of the enquiry topic. It introduces the research background, research objectives and significant of study is to explain the importance of the study.Chapter 2 will be the belles-lettres check over that proposed the supposed background of the research topic. This could foster the researcher to better understanding of the important variables in this research report. It serves as a fundamental of the guess to be tested. Literature review is the based on the empirical research which done by previously by researcher who has studied costing work a nd the field with insight.Next, is the chapter 3 research systemology that describes the format of battle method performing that is sui confuse for this research report which include the research design, information collection method, sampling design, operational definition of construct totalment scale and the data analysis technique use. By implementing the appropriate sampling method could help to minimize the errors that associated with the research.Following, chapter 4 will present the pattern of the guide and the analyses of the result which obtain from the descriptive analyses, dependability test and inferential analyses to examine the reliability and the relationship of the variables. Furthermore, the research result that shows the result of the data analysis figures, chart, table and graph are used to present the findings.The last chapter in this research report would be discussion and conclusion that provides discussion of major findings and recommendations for inco ming research. It will provide a whole summary of the whole research project and terminus ad quems that researcher faced during the research process.1.8 ConclusionProposed of chapter 1 is act as a foundation for this research project. It form a brief outlines in each chapter presented the chapter. In the following chapter, the variables will be bring forward discussed in depth and the proposed fantasyual framework will be illustrated.CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW2.0 IntroductionIn previous chapter, research problem, research objectives, research questions and hypotheses of the study have been place. In this chapter 2, provide a literature review which convey the knowledge and ideas that have been established on this research topic and related to with the research objectives. It contains the discussions and evaluation of the research topic in this section. Through reviewing the applicable journals, it provides the foundation to develop a good abstractive framework for the resea rch. Besides that, it allows the research project lead to further identified relationship among the dependent variables and the independent variables and hypotheses testing in order to arrival the research objectives.2.1 look backward of literatureWe will adopt attitude theoretical burn up (Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Hunt, H.K.. 1991a) explaining the development of Chinese entrepreneurs behavior. This is a method of investing entrepreneurial orientated singular. Five important entrepreneurial attitudes were identified from literature, achievement, self- consider, face-to-face check, transmutation and opportunity experience. This instrument is called Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAOS).Besides, we will obtain Chinese Value Survey (CVS) to tone and evaluate pagan set within the setting of a Chinese kind value system that is derived from the Confucian ethos. In the CVS consideration is focussed on intravenous feedingsome dimensions such as Integration, human-heartedness, Confusion work dynamism and moral discipline.2.2 Review of Relevant theoretic ModelAfter read through the relevant journals, few theoretical models are being found related to the research regarding Chinese value (CV) and Entrepreneurial attitudes orientation (EAO).2.2.1 Chinese Culture values and developmentAccording to Williams (1968), Rokeach (1973), Rokeach, (1973) and Ball-Rokeach (1989), values provide potentially powerful explanations and fix on human behaviors because they serve as the standards or criteria of conduct scat to be limited in number and are remarkably constant over clipping (as cited in Fok, V. S. Chong, V.K., 1996). value establish and reflect anticipate behaviour and as well as used to enforce sanctions such as reprobate and praise as head as amicable inclusion and elision (Anderson, 2000).Based upon psycho-sociological studies on the significance of cultural values as determinants of human behavior, the two func tions are related to each other (Hofstede, 1980). Hofstede (1991, p.5) describe culture as the collective programming of the mind that disparateiates one group from a nonher(prenominal) group. In early, Hofstedes study suggests that his classic model view as a traditional quantitative design with four dimension of culture. There are power exceed, individualism-collectivism, uncertainty avoidance and masculinity-femininity.However, Hofstede added a fifth dimension named long term orientation in year 2001(as cited in Fontaine, R. Richardson, S., 2005). Hofstede and alliance (1988) derived that Confucian dynamism as one of the values that contribute to the economic increment in 22 countries during the period 1965 to 1985. Confucian values towards entrepreneurial development in Singapore, Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong and Japan bring the name as four dragons at the same time they hold top five positions in economic growth. Mostly countries are within the Confucian influence grea t deal and their economies have been driven to a large extent by entrepreneurship in the small and medium sized business sectors.Another model act as an improvement on Hofstede classic model (1980) is Schwartzs model (1994). It plant out to replace Hofstedes dimension of Individualism by two dimensions (Autonomy versus communication and Hierarchy and Mastery at the cultural level). Furthermore, this model used to guide validity and reliability limitation on Hofstedes model as it has proved valid and reliable a mug cultures when research have taken Schwartzs surmisal and developed a dissimilar instrument. Later, Schwartzs SVS act as a measure instrument which comprises 57 values represent ten dimension at the individual level (power, achievement, hedonism, stimulating, self-direction, universalism, benevolence, tradition, conformity and security) and seven dimension at the cultural level (embeddedness, hierarchy, mastery, affective autonomy, intellectual autonomy, egalitarianism and harmony)(as cited in Fontaine, R. Richardson, S., 2005).Chinese cultural values are created from inter soulfulnessal relationships and well-disposed orientations. The works of Confucius is more often than not regarded as the pillars of Chinese cultural values Yang (1972). There are four major studies about Chinese value orientations and development of measuring scales. First study, ship canal to Live Survey designed by Morris (1956) consisting of 13 alternative conceptions which included values advocated and defended in the several ethical and religious systems of human societies. southward study found that the younger generation showed a considerable transform different from their parents who pursue on traditional practices, or be influence by friends and agitate across time. (Lin 1966).Continue study was Chinese Value Survey (CVS) developed by the Chinese Culture Connection (1987). It is an idiographic design which is recognized as more appropriate in cross cultural res earch and not based on Western complaisant science but used 40-scale items which is the fundamental and basic values for Chinese people. Michael mystify and his colleagues conducted this research aim to develop a bracing questionnaire with the introduce from several Chinese social scientists in Hong Kong. CVS consist of four dimensions which are integration, Confucian work dynamism, human-heartedness and moral discipline respectively. This instrument that tapped concerns fundamental to the Chinese world view and identify an additional value indigenous to the Chinese people, which they termed Confucian work dynamism as the principle attributes reflect the teachings of Confucius and the social continuity of an extant civilization of over 2,500 years(as cited in Steven Ward, 2002).Latest study on Chinese values orientation was the Chinese Cultural Values Scale (CCVS) by Yau (1994). It is the only one scale developed for exploring the relationship between Chinese cultural values and consumer attitudes and behaviors. It is nothing related with entrepreneurial attitudes orientation.2.2.2 Chinese Value (CV)Chinese Value is selected to be independent variables in this research. The Chinese Value Survey (referred to as the CVS) was developed by Bond and a group of research workers known collectively as the Chinese Culture Connection in response to their perceived choose to measure and evaluate cultural values within the setting of a Chinese social value system that is derived from the Confucian ethos. The Confucian ethos has tended towards the formation of a dedicated and motivated as well as educated state which manifests a responsible and enhanced sense of commitment to its ideals and institutions as well as to the identity and moral fiber of its organization with the resultant substantiation of desirable outcomes (Chang et al., 1997).Values are enduring belief of desired end-state of universe of discourse or modes of behaviour (Kluckholn, 1951). In psycholog y, values are operationalized as the channelize principles of a persons behaviour (Schwarts Bilsky, 1990). The values measured by Bond and his colleagues endure universal in record, but they similarly include some values which are uniquely Confucian (Hofstede, 1991). Examples are respect for tradition, humility, filial piety, and protect ones face. This is not to say such values do not exist in Western culture, but rather their implied importance is not as great as in Eastern culture. The study used 40-scale items which were equal to those in the study so as to find out different culture dimensions in valuing (Ng, 1982).There are four dimensions of (CVS) such as Integration, Human-heartedness, Confusion work dynamism and moral discipline. Integration dimension focuses upon social stability and can be characterized by having tolerance for others. Integration also places importance upon being trustworthy and enjoying a close friendship. It corresponds to Hofstedes power distance dimension which identifies the degree of power distance that is seen as appropriate between a superior and a subordinate. In the organizational context, it can be an indicator of the degree of centralization that is deemed appropriate.Secondly, human-heartedness dimension deals with an individuals level of social mind or awareness. It is a measure of ones compassion toward others. It is characterized by the conduct to be kind, forgiving and courteous. In the business setting, it may be viewed as presenting a contrast between the task- point and people-oriented styles of management. Human-heartedness also may be viewed as parallel to Hofstedes (1980) masculinity dimension.The third is the Confusion work dynamism, it reflects the teachings of Confucius that emphasize a social hierarchy or structure (Louie, 1980). It can be characterized by a respect for tradition with a grueling desire to save face. It also implies a need to order relationships by status and to respect the order of that status. Confucian work dynamism fills a void in the mental ability of Western instruments which, not too surprisingly, do not include Confucian values in their constructs (Hofstede Bond, 1988).Lastly, is the moral discipline. The focus of this dimension is upon keeping oneself under control in relation to others. It is characterized by the need to be moderate, heady and adaptable. Following the high road is a part of moral discipline when compared with Hofstedes (1980) IBM research, three of the four CVS dimensions aligned closely with three of the four Hofstede dimensions (Hofstede Bond 1988). The four Hofstedes dimensions namely are 1), individualism 2), masculinity, 3) power distance, and 4) uncertainty avoidance. Although Hofstede did not specify the relationship between culture and entrepreneurial, his culture dimensions are effectual in identifying the key elements of culture related to entrepreneurial orientation. All four indices were based on responses to quest ions framed by Western social scientists.2.2.3 Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation and DevelopmentThe previous research has found that heterogeneous constitution and attitudinal constructs in the field of entrepreneurship. Lumpkin and Dess (1996) have defined Entrepreneurial attitude orientation (EAO) as the processes, practices, decision-making activities that lead to bran-new(a) entry. Furthermore, Hornaday and Aboud (1971) has mentioned EAO is a set of personal psychological traits, values, attributes and attitudes strongly associated with a pauperization to engage in entrepreneurial activities.The six major schools of thought on entrepreneurship were discovered by Barton and Lischeron (1991). These are Great Person School, The Psychological Characteristics School, Classical School, Management School, The Leadership School, and Intrapreneurship School. individually of these schools of thought can be according to its interests in studying personal device characteristics, o pportunities, management or need for adapting an existing bet on. The Psychological Characteristics School has focuses on personality components and call backs that entrepreneurs have unique values and attitudes toward work and life. Beside, Lachman (1980) has suggested that entrepreneurs can mark from non-entrepreneurs by personality characteristics such as the people who possess the characteristics entrepreneurs will have higher potential to perform entrepreneurial acts than those who do not possess such characteristics. Based on the three personalities characteristic to bed and recognize entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs. First, the personal values such as honesty, duty, responsibility, ethical behavior. Second, risk-taking propensity. Last, the need for achievement (as cited in Barton and Lischeron, 1991).With further empirical supports personality traits contribute to entrepreneurial attitude orientation from McClelland (1961) and Collins, Hanges Locke (2004) asserted t hat need for achievement is a strong entrepreneurial trait, and Gasse (1985) and Hansemark (2003) found that entrepreneurs often possess a greater informal locus of control than the general population. Brockhous (1982) identified three attributes consistently associated with entrepreneurial behavior are need for achievement, internal locus of control, and a risk-taking propensity. Krueger Brazeal, 1994 Erickson, 2002 Frazier Niehm, 2006 have suggested the higher self-efficacy is associated with entrepreneurship and business creation. (as cited in Harris, M. Gibson, S., 2009). However, there are also background factors, which relate to individual personality such as gender (Buttner Rosen, (1989) and education (Storey, 1982) which is also linked to the attitude to establish a business (as cited in Mohammad Shariff, M. N., Basir Saud, M. 2009).According to Ajzen Fishbein (1977), they agreed that the personality theories frequently loss its effectiveness in measuring entrepreneu rial attitudes. There are still founded some limitations with lacked prophetic validity in groups of entrepreneurship and non- entrepreneurship (Sexton and Bowman 1986). It means certain characteristics have differed on variety of characteristics which are supposed to be stable across time and situation according to personality theory. The possible reasons to explain the limitation are the instruments lack adequate reliability and validity and people are change across time or situation.In order to deal with the limitation on personality mode entrepreneur research works out attitude model to correct inadequacy of psychological models based on personality. Olson and Bosserman (1984), Gasse (1986), Sexton (1987) have found that attitude in conjunction with entrepreneurship. The concept of attitude is a dynamic interactive way of relating to the environment in conjunction with a specific person, place, thing, event, drill, idea or lifestyle. The dynamic nature of the concept implies t hat it changes across time and from situation to situation (as cited in Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Keith Hunt, H., 1991a). . Ajzen (1982), Rosenberg and Hovland (1960) youngster (1987) has stated that attitude is the predisposition to respond in a generally favorable or unfavorable manner with respect to the object of the attitude. In addition, Allport (1935), Breckler (1983 and 1984), Carlson (1985), Kothandapani (1970) and others categorized attitude as the tripartite model consisting of three types of reply to everything affect, cognition, and conation (as cited in Robinson., P.B., Stimpson, D.V., Huefner, J.C., Keith Hunt, H., 1991b).The following research conducted by Robinson, P.B., Stimppson, D.V., Heufner, J.C. Hunt, K.N. (1991), they has adopted this attitudinal theoretical go up explaining the behavioral tendencies of entrepreneurs. Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation Scale (EAOS) is one method of investigating entrepreneurial orientated individu als provide valid measurement based on attitude theory. Hence, this scale is used to distinguish entrepreneurs from non-entrepreneurs with the four important entrepreneurial attitudes included Achievement, self-Esteem, Personal Control and Innovation. The four sub-scales described as Achievement in creating a business, Perceived self honor as indication of self-evaluated competence in business affairs, Perception of personal control and influence over business incentives, and Innovation by acting upon business incentives. Each of the sub-scales is reported to be the merchandise of the three theoretical attitudinal behavioral components of cognition (belief and thoughts), affection (positive or negative conviction) and conative Behaviour (intentions and actions).Furthermore, another model came out after the attitudinal approach called entrepreneurial opportunity recognition (EOR) by Covin Slevin, (1989). Both of the researchers have gave more attention to incorporate specific si tuational factors related to the emotions, cognition, behaviourial action germane to a specific environmental stimulus or else of attitudinal measures. The literature has developed a study that an association of opportunity recognition with the concept of entrepreneurship (as cited in McCline, R.L., Bhat, S. Baj, P., 2000).2.2.4 Entrepreneurs Attitude Orientation (EAO)Entrepreneurial attitude orientation (EAO) is the dependent variable in our research project. Bygrave and Hofer (1991, p.14) define an entrepreneur as . . . someone who perceives an opportunity and creates an organization to pursue it. In formulating national constitution recommendations, entrepreneurship act as the creation of new independent businesses (Vesper, 1983, p.1). Founder of a new business and started the business before others also can utilise as an entrepreneurs (Gartner, 1985). The term has been used to define a wide diverge of activities such as creation, founding, adapting, and managing a venture. Entrepreneurship is not only associated with the formation of new firms, but also with entrepreneurial action in the sense of starting time something new (Wennekers and Thurik, 1999).Attitude is known as a part of personality that is supported by belief and is able to arouse emotions that investigate specific behaviors (Oppenheim, 2000). There are some research revealed that attitude is an important factor of an individual success in entrepreneurship. This is because a successful entrepreneurs is said to be influenced and stimulated by the individual own attitude. In this research, the attitude approach is the best way to explain the success of an entrepreneur because it links the individual and the ever-changing attitudinal object (Kuratko and Hodgetts 2004 Robinson et al. 1991a). Attitudes can therefore also be changed purposely to be more favorable towards entrepreneurship.Attitude does not appear as a single aspect, but is connected to other aspects of an individual (Oppenheim, 2000). According to Oppenheim, an individual has several extraordinary characteristics that portray his or her personality. Therefore, a person need a true and positive attitude to choose and participated to pose successful entrepreneurship (Mohd Salleh et al. 2005). Entrepreneurial attitude orientation is the studies of entrepreneurial personality characteristics. The work of Robinson, Stimpson, Huefner, and Hunt (1991) was one of the first to integrate an attitude scale to predict entrepreneurial activity. (Robinson et al., 1991b) adopted this theoretical approach to investigate entrepreneurial oriented individual by explaining the development of the behaviour. Robinson et al. (1991a) developed the Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation (EAO) model based on the four dimensions of achievement, innovation, personal control, and self esteem in business.The first dimension, need for achievement, is an important determining factor in choosing entrepreneurship as a career. The individua l desire for appreciation corresponds to the needed motivation for becoming a successful entrepreneur is high (Davidson 1995 McClelland 1961 Moorman and Halloran 1993). The individual that possesses this need is said to be inclined in exploratory efforts and be able to become a very successful entrepreneur (McClelland, 1961). This is some characteristic such as, increases self-satisfaction, readiness in facing challenges, and the freedom to determine the keep down of effort needed to succeed in the chosen field.The second dimension is internal locus of control. It is an individual attitude in handling his or her daily affairs influences his decisions and actions. Thus, ones internal locus of control is ones belief in ones ability to control ones future, assurance, commitment, and creativity, among many other things. Past research has down-played this attitude in determining individuals involvement level in entrepreneurship (Hisrich and Peters 1998). The characteristic of combat i s essential because it is able to provide confidence, commitment, and determination, thus enabling an individual to remain with his or her choice of entrepreneurship (Mohd Salleh et al. 2005)The third dimensions is in advance(p) behaviour, it is commonly view as the key to continuous entrepreneurship (Johnson, 1994), and has been presented as the main criterion for entrepreneur activity (Schumpter, 1983 Miller and Friesen, 1982). According to (Carland, 1984) the entrepreneurial individual is characterized principally by innovative behaviour. Innovation activity includes creating new products, methods, markets or a new organization. It relates to perceiving and acting upon business activities in new and unique ways (Drucker 1985).The forth dimensions is vanity which is associated with feelings about oneself. It is an important construct of personality for researches because perceptions of others about self esteem may influence individuals outcomes (Strauss 2005). Perceived self-es teem in business is pertaining to the self-confidence and perceived competency of an individual in conjunction with his or her business affairs. Self-esteem is associated with feelings about oneself (Hogg and Cooper, 2003) and self-efficacy (as part of self-esteem) is defined as belief in capability to perform the task (Chen et al., 1998). Entrepreneurship literature has also found that persons who believe that their skill and ability set is adequate for achieving success with a new venture are motivated to exert the necessary effort (Douglas and Shepherd, 2000).The fifth dimension is known as opportunity recognition. Venkatraman (1997) noted that it is one thing to be aware that entrepreneurial opportunities exist, but a significantly different matter to know how to exploit these opportunities. There must be something preferably unique about the entrepreneurial individual that gives him or her the propensities to gain economically in the midst of the change, chaos and confusion th at tend to foster the appendage of entrepreneurs (Schumpeter, 1976 Stevenson, 1983). Opportunity recognition can known as perceiving possibility for new profit through the founding and formation of a new venture or significant impromevent of an existing venture (Christensen, Madsen Peterson, 1989).2.3 Proposed theoretical/ Conceptual good exampleIn this section, the interrelationship among each variable will be discussedTheoretical Framework Factors that affect the Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationEntrepreneurial Attitude OrientationNeed for achievementLocus of controlInnovationSelf esteemOpportunity RecognitionChinese ValueIntegrationHuman heartednessConfucian work dynamismMoral disciplineFigure 2.1 Theoretical Framework2.3.1 Relationship between Integration and Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationIntegration is an index of the degree of tolerance, harmony and friendship a society endorses, at the expense of competitiveness, it has a broadly integrative, socially stabilizing speech pattern (The Chinese Culture Connection, 1987). It has significant relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. Integration refers to the compatibility of decision making among various departments in the organization. It includes the use of interdepartmental committees for common decision making, task forces which are temporary bodies set up to expedite interdepartmental collaboration on a specific project and intimacy personnel whose specific job is to coordinate the efforts of several departments for purposes of specific product (Miller Danny, 1983). Integration assumes importance as in large firms there is a need for a coordinated effort to remain focused in pursuit of objectives of the firm.2.3.2 Relationship between Confusion Work Dynamism and Entrepreneurial Attitude OrientationConfucian dynamism is having a significant relationship with Entrepreneurial Attitude Orientation. The c