Frito Lay Case Study free essay sample

Frito-Lay, Inc has been developing multigrain chips since the early 1970s. It is a worldwide leader in the manufacturing and marketing of snack chips. It is capturing nearly one-half of the retail sales in the United States snack chips market. Frito-Lay knew that a healthier option was appealing to consumers and that this healthier option had proper time to be introduced, but the market was not ready for it yet. Product research and development is carried out in 1980s and it was found that consumers are expecting multi grain rectangular chips with ridges. So, sun chip is introduced in late 1990. It is a crispy textured snack chips with a mixture of wheat, corn, rice and oat flours. (Sun chips. n. d. ). Frito lay has invested a huge capital in sun chip products and so they did pre market test before introducing the product into market. This test has shown positive result as more consumers got attracted. We will write a custom essay sample on Frito Lay Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page (Frito lay corporation. n. d. ). Case problem: Sun chips had been in test market for 10 months in the Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota, and metropolitan area. The senior Frito-Lay executives need to decide it they would launch this new product to market officially after the test period. The snack chip category is highly competitive and the new-product failure rate is high. This is the main cause of the problem. Very few new products can generate more than $25 million in first-year sales. In order to expand the market, the brand awareness is a key issue. So, the budget of advertising and merchandising will increase. The new product will cannibalize volume from its previous products. Alternative solutions: Give up the new product: Giving up the new product is a safe strategy. Frito-Lay, Inc. is the leader manufacturing in the snack chips market. Its products have held large market share. Even if it gives up the new product, its still the leader. But if it gives up the new product, the spending in the premarket test becomes meaningless. The market test result appeared consumer response was favorable which means it likely gain profit from the new brand. Its quit just leaves the opportunity to its competitors. Putting the new product on the market following the same strategies of premarket test: This solution gives the company a simple way when it expands its product sales from a single area to nationwide. In the premarket test, its pricing strategy, advertising and merchandising strategy, distribution and sales strategy were all determined. When Frito-Lay, Inc. puts the new product on the national market, the things they need to do is raising the advertising and distribution expending and adding more production line to meet the higher quantities requirement. But applying the experience that comes from a single area into whole national market is very dangerous. Peoples eating habit and lifestyle is different in various states that determine their demand of snack chips will be different. Simply coping with the strategies from the test may lead to a terrible result. Putting the new product on the market after strategies adjustment: This solution is adjusted from the former solution. This alternative will increase its operation cost, but it will bring a better result. The reason why Minnesota metropolitan area was chosen as the test site is because Frito-Lay executive were confident it had a social and economic profile representative of the United States. It is more convinced that these strategies can achieve success in other metropolitan areas. How about non- metro areas? So Frito-Lay, Inc. needs to use adjust its market strategies when it comes to different places. Continuing the test: This is not a good solution. This new product had been tested for 10 months, if Frito-Lay, Inc. still continued testing the product; its competitors might have enough time to launch their own products. Frito-Lay, Inc. would lose the best time to enter the new market. Selected Solution Putting the new product on the market after strategies adjustment: Its premarket test was made in a metropolitan area and got a satisfied result. Its manufacturing capacity was limited which means the product quantities were hard to meet the requirement of nationwide market in a short time. Base on these two factors, Frito-Lay, Inc. had better focus its market promotion on the metropolitan areas at first. In this period, the market test information is more useful because the marketplaces are similar. After its new production line completed, it can gradually expand its market to other areas. In this period, it had better to hire research firm to get the consumers response. Based on these responses, Frito-Lay, Inc. an make a better adjustment when launching Sun Chips on non-metro areas. For instance, because population distribution is different from metropolitan areas, Frito-Lay, Inc. needs to find another efficient and economical advertising scheme to achieve its marketing purpose. Conclusion: Frito-Lay, Inc. is a cautious company. It would do a premarket test before it wants to launch a new product. The results of the test inf luence company executives’ decision about the new product. It was estimated that the sun chip would gain $100 million dollar if it is launched nation wise. It is a success indicator for the sun chips. Although the test result is very exact and detailed, it can only reflect one-sided market situation because the market test is taken in only one area. To make a business plan for national market, it still does more effort. In this process, maximum using the test information is important and meaningful.

Life of a Roman Soldier essays

Life of a Roman Soldier essays - Initial training no boot camp in those days - Soldiers oath (page 6 Legionary book) - No weekends off but had all religious holidays off - Temple of Mithras, he was most of the soldiers god, You had to pass 7 tests of skill to become of full - Drained marshes to build new forts on - Quarry, stones for buildings etc. - Polished iron armor and weaponry - Only a select few got out of bad jobs and they were clerks, - Was the boss of all the soldiers who worked - was a badge of honor also used as a whip for - petty such as being late would be to make the soldier look like a fool and make them stand outside w/o weapons or armor to show he is not worthy to be a - serious crime such as sleeping on guard or deserting resulted in flogging, rank lowered. At the time of war the - If a unit disgraced itself in battle it might be "decimated" - 1 in 10 selected to be clubbed or stoned to death by - Decimation was stopped after Emperor Trajan - Was not unusual to keep wife and children in nearby homes - Deductions were taken out for worn out gear, bedding food, - Often got a bonus in pay to celebrate an important event I wanted to join the Roman Army ever since I was a young boy playing in the fields of my home in (NAME A TOWN OR CITY RELATED TO ROME HERE). My father was a legionaire in the Roman Army for 25 years. It was my goal in life to follow ...

Grunert's Total Food Quality (TFQ) Model Aid Food Essay

Grunert's Total Food Quality (TFQ) Model Aid Food - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that several attempts have been made to consumers’ perspicacity of food that has facilitated or prohibited the food choice, consumer attitudes and incentives for purchase/non-purchase for UK food firms in designing marketing strategies. According to subsist research, organic food is identified as food without ‘chemicals’ and ‘growth hormones’, that is ‘not severely’ produced and is grown as â€Å"unsophisticated†. People buy food mainly for health motives; in sight of being best for their children because of lesser pesticides and manure residues. Furthermore, very well taste being free from Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy, genetic amendment and food additives are incentives for buying food. According to the Grunert’s Total Food Quality Model, the propensity towards augmented consumption of food can be correlated to a broader concern with regard to environmental issues. The major r easons that thwart consumers from purchasing food are: high price, be deficient in availability, gratification with conventional food, lack of reliance, the inadequate choice and paucity of perceived value. Although a number of consumers have shown curiosity in food, the food options of comparatively few people have been affected. Hence, expressed curiosity in food does not play a momentous role in food purchase and a disparity between positive attitude and behavior is evident. Thus, the acquaintance of consumers’ cognitive structures and their impact on the purchase decision will indeed shed light on consumers’ food purchases verdict that facilitates UK food firms in devising their marketing strategies. Economic theory has shown some confine in explaining the intricacy and multidimensionality of consumer activities. These bounds not only relate to the supposition of consumer rationality (that is utility exploiting behavior) and flawless information. The majority of ec onomic models use relative prices and disposable income or budget as illustrative variables of consumer deeds and treat every other sway (for instance social, economic and cultural factors) as cloaked or latent variables: quality inspection is one of them. The analysis of Grunert’s Total Food Quality Model guides United Kingdom food firms devising marketing strategies that how consumer attitude deals primarily with predilections and how predilections are formed in the mind of the consumer.

Critical Analysis of the Poem Patriotism by Sir Walter Scott Essay

Critical Analysis of the Poem Patriotism by Sir Walter Scott - Essay Example For example, the first point where allusions come into play is the idea of death but not physical death since that only comes at the end of the poem for the unpatriotic person. Scott alludes that a man without pride in his own country has a dead soul and not only is it a dead soul it is dead in the extreme. That person’s physical death will result in him/her ‘doubly dying’ since the physical as well as the spiritual aspects of the person would die in such a scenario. The rhyme scheme of the poem figures largely in couplets which go together very well even though the third line seems to be slightly out of rhyme since it is a quote which the man in question has not said. However, the continuation of the poem establishes a scheme which goes as AA B CC D EE FF GG HH and so on. This also establishes the iambic pentameter measure of the poem that makes it easy to read while the words themselves hold pointed meaning for the readers of the work. The imagery in the poem sh ines through with the idea of such a man being given titles, a proud name and wealth but no real soul since these worldly goods will end for that man once he has died. However, since he had no patriotism in his soul, his death remains unnoticed because he was concentrated only on his own self and never for the country to which he belonged. This is indeed an image of despair which is only highlighted by the next section that shows that his death, much like his life remained without use to his country or even to those who were around him. In conclusion, it becomes easy to say that Scott himself comes across as being immensely patriotic and the poem in question certainly shows what he thinks about those who are unpatriotic. While patriotism may be a dangerous emotion for some, individuals such as Sir Walter Scott would make it the first criteria for having a soul or for being a good person. I found the poem to be quite uplifting in the beginning but the

How have the Gulf States used oil as their foreign policy tool (mainly Research Paper

How have the Gulf States used oil as their foreign policy tool (mainly the oil embargo of 1973)and how effective has it been - Research Paper Example Oil ministers agreed on an embargo that would see a gradual reduction in production in 5% increments over time until they had achieved their economic and political objectives; after Libya embargoed all oil shipments to the U.S., Saudi Arabia and all other Arab oil producing nations followed suit leading to the 1973 oil embargo that was equally extended to Western Europe and Japan. The onset of the 1973 oil crisis, when members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) announced an oil embargo led to high rises in the price of oil per barrel, from US$3 to nearly $12; the short and long term economic as well as political effects of the oil embargo left devastating impacts all over the world (Ross). Price increases were also imposed in the embargo to accelerate the fall in demand of the new lower level oil supply thereby triggering a market rise in the oil price from $3 to $ 12 per barrel; since the global financial system was already under pressure from the coll apsed Bretton Woods Agreement, recessions and high inflation kicked in and persisted up to the early 1980s and oil prices continued to rise until 1986. From the mid 1980’s to 2003, the inflation-adjusted price of a barrel of oil remained stable at around 25$ per barrel but rose dramatically from 2003 beyond $30 per barrel reaching a high of $60 per barrel in 2005 and its peak was $147.30 in 2008. Many factors have been attributable to these dramatic increases in the prices of oil including the depreciation of the U.S. dollar, subsequent reports of the declining oil reserves, the tension in the Middle East, as well as the heightened speculation over oil prices. Geo-political events as well as natural disasters that are indirectly linked to the global oil market have had a significant impact on oil prices; for instance, the 2006 Israel-Lebanon conflict and

Relationship Between Enlightenment and Sociology

Relationship Between Enlightenment and Sociology The theory of social development and progress was the key concept of the Enlightenment [Ray,13]. The experience of Renaissance recovery from the dark ages, rediscovery of antique philosophy, the expansion of colonialism and exploration of non-European cultures, violated established order and lead to expansion of new ideas doubting tradition. The Enlightenment recognized that human history changes, that societies experience material and mental, moral, or philosophical progress. That modernity is just another stage of development, that does not lead the end of history, but might be as well a beginning of some better, new society. Eighteen century thinkers considered reason as the leading force of change, believing, that human knowledge and consciousness may develop linearly. Since the Enlightenment was an age of science and reason, philosophers tend to classify and order possessed knowledge. That lead to a few theories of historical stages development of societies that arranged histor ical periods in progressive order, as Turgot and Condorset did [Ray, 13-15]. The Enlightenments attachment to the idea of progressive development of societies lead to the ideas of future utopia final, goal stage of social evolution. It was a very optimistic concept of history, leading from dark, oppressive periods in the past, through ambiguous and chaotic modernity, to some enlighten, better, just future. Such utopian vision was described by Condorcet, for whom future society would prevail tyranny by changing tradition and superstition into reason [Ray, 15]. Delany wrote of the Enlightenment as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦characterized by a certain utopianism, which was a reflection of the belief in the promises of modernity to bring about freedom. Unlike earlier social thought, it displayed a great belief in the power of human action to shape the future [Delany, Blackwell, 23]. The same was true for Marx, who saw communism as the perfect and most of all just social system. For Marx the end stage of human history communism represented the most desired and final phase of human development. As Sideman wrote: Marx never gave up his Enlightenment faith in the coming of a new era [Sideman, 1998, 36]. But contrary to the Enlightenment philosophers, for Marx the utopia was not to be obtained through evolution and development of reason, but through revolution of working class. The idea of revolution was not present in eighteen century before the experience of French revolution. Though it is sad that the Enlightenment prepared the ground for the revolt in France, works of eighteen century thinkers did not appeal to force or violent change. Marx shared the romantic vision of with socialist thinkers and activists supporting French strife. Moreover, unlike his eighteen century ancestors, Marx sought emancipation in proletariat the working class of modernity. The Enlightenment was an age of intellectuals, giving special role to philosophers in the process of development of society [Szacki]. In eighteen century thought reason had the emancipatory force. Marx violent vision of revolution did not reserved place for intellectuals, though Marx was one of them. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Ideologies and religion The end of the Middle Ages ended the era of gods laws and theological explanation of social order. The Enlightenment separated religion form politics. Eighteen century brought to life the concept of public private spheres. Religion became private matter of citizens. Gods rights no longer decided on political questions and social relations. Secular society was based on secular rules. The Enlightenment believed in reason and science, and through them sought emancipation from religion and superstition. Social change required that cultural traditions be weakened to allow for new ideas and attitudes favoring social progress [Seidman, 1998, 34]. Religion and tradition constrained social change and overruled the utopian vision of future. It does not mean that the Enlightenment was a truly secular area. Rejection of religion covered only public, political sphere. None of the great philosophers of the period Becon, Diderot, Locke postulated atheism [Ray, 13]. The issue was to separate reli gion from science, theology from logical reasoning. Religion intruded cognition, so had to be abandoned in the sphere of knowledge. Marx also shared with the Enlightenment the concept of secular society. Though he brought the idea of secularization further. For Marx every ideology and meta-narration of society in every stage of its development was a product of current economic relations, so was the religion. Religion, internalized rules, regulations and prohibitions, served justification of the conditions of production and hence the justification of exploitation. In this sense religion was a mechanism of oppression. That is why, according to Marx, emancipation not only required rejection of theological order of the world, but also complete rejection of religion. Once again this emancipation required revolution dramatic and sudden change of economic conditions that would change social relations, including execution of religion. In this sense religion was not a private issue, but a political one, that justified bourgeois order. As in the eighteen century religion obstructed change this time, though, it was not s uppose to be withdraw from public life, but destroyed absolutely. Revolution guaranteed changing social order not only in the sphere of production, but also in the sphere of religion. The role of science The Enlightenment was the era of development of sciences. A great expand of sciences such as mathematics, medicine, natural sciences changed the view of modern philosophers on the world and human kind. Science revealed mystery of existence and the order of nature. That is why science become one of the ways to obtain individual freedom. Science lead to discovery of logical, rational order of human and societal relations. For Marx science also had an important role in revealing the rules of organization of society. Marx knew that in order to change, it is necessary to understand the social forces institutions, cultural traditions, social groups [Seidman, 1998, 34]. In Marx theory science held the explanatory role by revealing the real nature of social order, gives information about social classes, modes of production and rules of historical development. According to Marx, science should be based on rational assumptions, logical laws, it should reject common sense and superstitions. Economic perspective Though Marx theory shares materialistic perspective, he was not the one to introduce economic interpretation of social life. Adam Smith, Adam Ferguson and others eighteen century thinkers saw the leading role of economy in social life. Those early economists wrote about dehumanization of work and disintegration of society through modern specialization of production and technical development of the production process [Ray, 15]. Capitalist revolution of eighteen century brought new phenomena that were not overlooked by present-day thinkers. Negative effects of industrialization, demographic explosion and urbanization were thoroughly discussed by that time. As we can see, the importance of material conditions for human individual and collective life was not the Marx invention, though he also observed that technology destroys social relations. Innovations, machines and devices used in the process of production serve the dominant class for exploitation of workers [Ray, 65]. Nevertheless, with his materialistic view on society, Marx went further, with the idea that: the reproduction of material life precedes the production of culture [Seidman, 1998, 37]. For Marx material conditions of existence were the basis for all other characteristics of life. According to Marx, living conditions determine social structure, policies, rules and morality. Marx showed that certain social conditions shape certain forms of consciousness. That was a great contribution of Marx thought to social sciences. Since Marx, social scientists began research on the role of material conditions on human thoughts, believes and attitudes, giving a start to many discipline s of social sciences, as sociology of thought, sociology of knowledge or sociology of religion [Szacki, 231]. Moreover, since Marx, social scientists consider development process and ownership relations of societies as the most important criteria of social studies analysis. The concept of state Enlightenment to find such origins of social order not to limit freedom. How to reconcile freedom and social order. Enlightenment the idea of individual in society free form state, church and other collective forms of organizations. Civil society idea freedom through civil rights. In search of order based on rational assumptions. The role of philosopher as a leading role in creating social order, morality. Intelectuals [Szacki, 84, Ray, Enlightenment, 11]. All stages of development according to Marx were different social formations. Those formations were direct creations of economic relations within society. The most thorough fully described formation was bourgeois one. It was contemporary, most developed and differentiated mode of production. Capitalism stage of development was characterized by binary class structure, where one class was the group of society that sold their work and did not own other means of productions the workers, while the other was the group of owners of means of production that benefited from workers work the capitalists. Individualism and collective action In earlier philosophy status of human being in society was constant and determined not by human himself but by external forces the world order, gods will, some kind of justice and internal sense of social existence. Enlightenment and especially the French revolution, brought the idea of civil society and civil rights [Szacki, 85]. The Enlightenment claimed that all human beings share some common characteristics that are independent of external, historical or natural conditions. It was a kind of individualism, that claimed that human nature in general have some common characteristics inherited form the state of nature. That is what makes society egalitarian differences between human status in society are merely secondary. In this sense that all (male) human beings are equal and share the same civic rights. Emancipation in this context was a political emancipation of citizens form feudal, traditional relations. Marx connected human position in social structure with material conditions and idea of work and ownership. For him the idea of society was not based on the idea of civil rights but on the idea of economic relations between different social groups classes. It was dichotomous vision of society made of workers and capitalists the owners of means of production. Emancipation was possible not on the basis of civil rights but on the basis of changing economic relations. This was a revolutionary perspective leading to turnover of social order. Unlike the Enlightenment, Marx did not perceived emancipation and concept of freedom in individual actions. He clearly rejected individualism both in terms of individual social actions and as the method of inference about human conditions. Marx claimed that every individual is rooted in his collective history and society, and his consciousness, as well as beliefs, goals and needs are shaped through that heritage. That is why not only analysis of hum an conditions, but also the projected change of social relations, has to take into consideration collective baggage and collective effort. That is why Marx shared the belief that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦individuals do not act on ideas primarily because they are true of have been proven correct, but on the basis of their self-interest. Ideas may shape our actions, but our social interests determine which ideas we adopt. CLASS AND DIVISION OF SOCIETY Critical theory Marx is perceived as the father of critical theory. As Bryan wrote it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦classical sociology is a critical discipline, because it represents typically an attack on the taken-for-granted assumptions of bourgeois, utilitarian liberalism. This critical tradition is conventionally associated with Marxism [Bryan s. Turner, Blackwell, 9]. But one cannot negate that critical attitude was characteristic for the Enlightenment thought. XVIII century philosophers questioned traditions, religions, authorities, beliefs, metaphysics and everything else that was not perceived rational. Marx theory gave basis for future revolutions, but it was the Enlightenment thought that was a mother of French Revolution. In this sense the Enlightenment theories were the first revolutionary theories, revolutionary through their critique, doubt and rejection. Marx only developed further this critical perspective, but he was not the first one to neglect contemporary, well established order. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦our social interests are determined by our social position, in particular our class status [Seidman, 1998, 34] Marx and Engels aimed to shift the focus of social criticism from the analysis of consciousness and the evolution of ideas to that of the development of social institutions and conflicts [Seidman, 1998, 37] Historical materialism class dynamics shape the organization of socioeconomic systems which in turn, determine the structure and direction of the whole society [S, 38] Class theory of society, class struggle Power comes from the ownership of means of production social theory becomes the critique of political economy, [Delany, Blackwell, 25] New constructs: commodification, class-struggle, profit, surplus value Marxs social theory was a critical one. Critique does not try to explain or simply interpret society for its own sake, but is inherently critical of the prevailing social order and seeks to reveal the system of domination. [Delany, Blackwell, 25] Karl Marx, effectively replaced philosophical analysis with an advanced social theory of modern society. [Delany, Blackwell, 23] Conclusions Reason vs. modes of production Reason vs. false consciousness Reason vs. ownership

Analysis of Common Enzymatic Pathways in Gambierdiscus toxicus and Symbiodinium in the TCA Cycle :: The TCA Cycle

Background: Dinoflagellates are one of the four main types of phytoplankton, which are photosynthetic, single celled and free living organisms in the ocean. Dinoflagellates cause the Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) also known as the red tide effect (Hackett et al 2004). Toxicity persisting at upper levels of the food chain is detected in them from the ones which are toxic, but not all such blooms are toxic. Enhanced detection capabilities may in part contribute to observed high frequency and severity of toxic blooms. As they are also important in the health of coral reefs their study has gained significant interest. Species are often selected for genome sequencing based on their importance as a model organism or relevance to human health, such as the HAB case. Fig 1 Gambierdiscus Toxicus and its golden brown chloroplasts (Image courtesy: Institute Malarde) Recreating the evolutionary history of dinoflagellates has been challenging as they possess a known ability to transform from noncyst – to cyst – forming strategies (unreferenced/Wikipedia). The dinoflagellate nucleus lacks histones, nucleosomes and maintains continually condensed chromosomes during mitosis (Dodge 1966), making their classification difficult (Hackett et al 2004). Though being classified as eukaryotes, the dinoflagellate nuclei are not characteristically eukaryotic (Dodge 1966). However, typical eukaryotic organelles, such as Golgi bodies, mitochondria and chloroplasts are present in dinoflagellates (Morrill et al 1983). Since dinoflagellate nuclei possess intermediate characteristics between the coiled DNA areas of prokaryotic bacteria and the well-defined eukaryotic nucleus it was termed ‘mesokaryotic’ by Dodge (1966). This research focuses on Gambierdiscus toxicus which is an armored, marine, benthic species in the phylum Dinoflagellata. It has an epitheca and a hypotheca, that is very similar in size, compressed anterio-posteriorly. The theca is covered with numerous deep and dense pores which are very thick. This species is autotrophic creating energy via several golden-brown chloroplasts (Hackett et al 2004), but is also heterotrophic and hence is referred to as mixotrophic. It has a ventrally – oriented crescent shaped nucleus. (Adachi & Fukuyo 1979). It usually inhabits warmer waters such as bay, mediterranian, tropical/sub – tropical in North/Central America (Shiumuzu et al 1982; Loeblich & Indelicato 1986), Asia/Pacific (Holmes & Tao 2002; Lu & Hodgkiss 2004) and has recently been identified in the Mediterranean (Aligizaki & Nikolaidis 2008). These authors identified the organisms to genus level, at best of their effort, so may have been one of the less common members of its g enus although it is unlikely.

Journal on “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin Essay

After reading â€Å"the Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin, I was surprised at the unexpected events that lead to Mrs. Mallard’s death. Through elaborated setting, profound feelings and enriching plot, the theme of the story was gradually revealed and brought out an astonishing ending to both Louise’s life and miserable marriage. The settings took place both in outside and inside environments. As informed of her husband’s death, Louise begins to make the first expressions. Unlike other women being immobilized and denial, she became anguished but went to her room alone. Here the audience expects her to moan in deep sorrow, but instead she sits calmly, sinking down into a comfortable spacious armchair looking out to window. She describes the smell of the air in the room as â€Å"the delicious breath of rain†. She sees the trees outside in the yard quivering in â€Å"new spring life†- something outside is being reborn just like her inner self. Her inside environment in fact has a soothing feeling despite the depressing event. Louise’s feelings observed through a third person view little by little divulge her story. She whispered: â€Å"free, free, free!† uncontrollably with â€Å"a monstrous joy.† It is freedom that she has been battling to feel for the many years married to her man. She tried to defend herself by rambling on about how she used to love her husband sometimes, but she cannot hide the delighted actuality that she has her freedom back once again. To her the marriage was a prison; her life belonged to her husband with the social belief that such thing would make a woman’s life fulfilled. She releases all the stress and emotions that had been building up all the passing years. It is devastating, as she describes it, â€Å"her pulses beat fast, and the coursing blood warmed and relaxed every inch of her body.† Now she yearns to live more, to enjoy her freedom once again, contrasting to what she thought the day before â€Å"with a shudder that life might be lon g. â€Å"The turning point is when Louise saw her husband opening the door coming back alive. Chopin’s satirical plot leaves an open understanding of Mrs. Mallard’s death. It is irony that in the beginning of the story she was said to have a heart trouble, her relative tried to use the gentlest way to inform her of Brently Mallard’s death. The reality is she feels glad about her husband being  forever absent from her life, and as she is willing to enjoy the world again, her husband comes back. Louise finally became the one to die in the end. Perhaps â€Å"freedom† of mind and body is more valuable than life itself. Therefore, after this intervention, going back to the confines of marriage would be killing the life and heart of Louise, thus death is the only solution and of course the â€Å"heart condition† foreshadowing an impending death. In conclusion, I enjoyed Kate Chopin’s â€Å"Story of an Hour† and found her unique writing style beautiful. It only sheds its secrets through vague details yet brings a strong emotion to a twisted and painful story of the suffering women in the conservative nineteenth century society. Work Cited Chopin, Kate. The Story of an Hour.1894. Rpt. in Compact LiteratureReading Reacting Writing. By Kirszner and Mandell. 6th ed. Boston, MA: 2007.

Clean Air Act Essays - Pollutants, Soil Contamination, Free Essays

Clean Air Act Essays - Pollutants, Soil Contamination, Free Essays Clean Air Act 1990, the federal Clean Air Act was passed to improve air quality in the United States. President Bush's proposed amendments to the Clean Air Act initially would have led to the introduction of alternative, non-petroleum fuels. The petroleum and oxygenate industries responded by offering a reformulated gasoline program as a substitute for most of the alternate fuel proposals. As a result, the amendments to the federal Clean Air Act adopted in 1990 required steps to achieve lower vehicle emissions, including programs to oxygenate and reformulate gasoline. Oxygenated gasoline is designed to increase the combustion efficiency of gasoline, thereby reducing carbon monoxide emissions. Since January 1995, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require areas that have the most severe ozone pollution to use reformulated gasoline containing fuel oxygenates to improve air quality. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether is one of the most commonly used fuel oxygenates because it is produced in very large amounts from isobutylene, a waste product in the refining process. MTBE can be easily produced at the refinery, at a low cost, and can be transferred through existing pipelines once it has been blended with gasoline. In contrast to other gasoline additives used in the past, MTBE is a member of a class of chemical compounds, ethers, whose unique properties are enhanced solubility in water and chemical attraction to water molecules. These properties, along with widespread use of MTBE, have resulted in frequent detection of MTBE in samples of shallow groundwater from urban areas throughout the United States. MTBE moves quickly to shallow groundwater because it is not attached to soil particles, and is chemically attracted to water molecules. MTBE the potential to impact regional groundwater sources and may present a cumulative contamination hazard due to its mobility and apparent recalcitrance. The United States Geological Survey, in a paper presented to the American Chemical Society in San Francisco in April 1997, noted that MTBE can move from shallow to deeper aquifers with time. MTBE enters the environment, and eventually the groundwater, mainly from leaking underground fuel tanks and associated piping, but also from incomplete combustion in internal combustion engines, spilling and evaporation during transportation and refueling, and watercraft exhaust. Atmospheric precipitation may be another potential sourc e of MTBE in groundwater, because MTBE percolates easily through soil due to its small molecular size and solubility in water, allowing it to move rapidly into groundwater. The Environmental Protection Agency has classified MTBE as a possible human carcinogen, but no drinking-water regulation has been established for the compound. The Environmental Protection Agency has issued a drinking water advisory of 20- 40 micrograms per liter, based upon odor and taste thresholds, and to provide a large margin of safety from carcinogenic effects. Since February 1997, the California Department of Health Services has required public water suppliers to monitor their drinking water sources for MTBE. As of December 1997, about 23%of drinking water sources in California had been sampled for MTBE contamination. Of those sites tested, 33 or 1.3%, had detectable levels of MTBE. Of the contaminated sites tested, 36% had MTBE levels above the state's proposed drinking water standard. Some water systems only test every three years for volatile organic compounds, such as MTBE, so it will be the end of 2000 before all systems will have been tested. For MTBE, this frequency of impact to public drinking wells may not be a reliable indicator of future trends because it reflects a history of releases, including those involving gasoline formulations containing no or only low volumes of MTBE. It also appears that dissolved benzene plumes were of larger regulatory concern than MTBE in previous studies. Most studies have indicated that MTBE does not biodegrade easily under various environmental conditions. If a research investigation determines that a compound does not degrade, a half-life is not reported and the compound is classified as recalcitrant. MTBE is generally reported as recalcitrant, and there are no widely accepted estimates of the half-life. Investigators have reported that MTBE is recalcitrant in anaerobic laboratory studies including denitrifying conditions, sulfate-reducing conditions, methanogenic-reducing conditions, and anaerobic conditions in landfill-affected aquifer material, soils, and sludges. One 1995 result indicated there was no degradation of MTBE in an aerobic laboratory study after more

Free Essays on Ufo

The 50th anniversary of the alleged crash at Roswell is nigh upon us and there's a spate of books on the Roswell Incident and UFOs in general. Coincidence? We think not. Here are capsule reviews of some books done by the top-secret three-member "Grand Unified Conspiracy and UFO Retrieval Committee of the Order of Men in Tweed." "Beyond Roswell" (Marlowe and Co., $24.95) by Michael Hesemann and Philip Mantle. In one of the few books that sheds any new light on the subject, the authors make a game attempt to fit all the "facts" of the Roswell crash into a new scenario. Backed by government documents and eyewitness interviews, they claim the military actually responded to three different saucer crashes in 1947, from May 31 to Aug. 13 one near Socorro, one near Roswell, and one near Flagstaff, Ariz. Much material will be new except to fanatics. Its weakness, like most of this genre, is that it sometimes relies on discredited accounts or materials. () "The UFO Invasion" (Prometheus Books, $25.95) edited by Kendrick Frazier, Barry Karr and Joe Nickell. This could have been the book that made a convincing case for UFO debunkers, but it falls short. Based mostly on reprints of articles from the Skeptical Inquirer, it jumps all over the place, and the lack of coherence hurts as does the choice of some obscure cases. It also contains a large dose of the smugness and close-mindedness not associated with "scientific" inquiry. ()... Free Essays on Ufo Free Essays on Ufo The Roswell Incident Essay written by Unknown The people of the world have always had a mysterious belief that Earth wasn't the only planet in the universe that supported life. This belief dates back to ancient times when heavenly and demonic stories were told of gods who strode across the skies on their golden chariots. Tales as far fetched as Zeus who threw lightening bolts from his fingertips to stories as credible as the American Indian's Cachinas, who supposedly taught them to farm and saved them from numerous disasters. The Egyptians, who built their mammoth pyramids with only the use of man power, used hieroglyphics. These same hieroglyphics have been unofficially documented as being similar to symbols found on unidentified aircraft wreckage found in several incidences over the past fifty years (Montgomery 225-32, 236-37). Are these stories all mere coincidence? Some researchers think not and have continued to unveil new evidence that is believably true. Recently, new facts have been brought up on the most documented UFO (unidentified flying object) sighting of all time: the Roswell Incident. The Roswell Incident is a UFO crash that occurred at 11:30 p.m. on July 4th, 1947 in Roswell, New Mexico (Randal 10). Mac Brazel, a local New Mexico rancher, discovered a considerable amount of unusual debris while riding out on horseback early in the morning to check his sheep after a night of intense thunderstorms. He reported to Sheriff George Wilcox after driving into Roswell, that the aircraft had created a shallow gouge several hundred feet long and was scattered over a large area. Sheriff Wilcox then notified authorities at the Roswell Army Air Field and with the assistance of his deputies, proceeded to investigate the matter. Shortly after the 509th Bomb Group arrived from their station 35 miles away (Walker 38), they closed off the area for a number of days and retrieved the wreckage. The debris was initially taken to Roswell A... Free Essays on UFO The 50th anniversary of the alleged crash at Roswell is nigh upon us and there's a spate of books on the Roswell Incident and UFOs in general. Coincidence? We think not. Here are capsule reviews of some books done by the top-secret three-member "Grand Unified Conspiracy and UFO Retrieval Committee of the Order of Men in Tweed." "Beyond Roswell" (Marlowe and Co., $24.95) by Michael Hesemann and Philip Mantle. In one of the few books that sheds any new light on the subject, the authors make a game attempt to fit all the "facts" of the Roswell crash into a new scenario. Backed by government documents and eyewitness interviews, they claim the military actually responded to three different saucer crashes in 1947, from May 31 to Aug. 13 one near Socorro, one near Roswell, and one near Flagstaff, Ariz. Much material will be new except to fanatics. Its weakness, like most of this genre, is that it sometimes relies on discredited accounts or materials. () "The UFO Invasion" (Prometheus Books, $25.95) edited by Kendrick Frazier, Barry Karr and Joe Nickell. This could have been the book that made a convincing case for UFO debunkers, but it falls short. Based mostly on reprints of articles from the Skeptical Inquirer, it jumps all over the place, and the lack of coherence hurts as does the choice of some obscure cases. It also contains a large dose of the smugness and close-mindedness not associated with "scientific" inquiry. ()...

Preserving Knowledge for Future Generation Essay

Preserving Knowledge for Future Generation - Essay Example Preserving Knowledge for Future Generation One of the major treasures that have been destroyed in the process of these disasters is intellectual property and information. Information impacts knowledge to the society and carries a lot of power especially given its capability to influence generations as well as providing continuity in a society. In an attempt to secure knowledge, the current generation has widely advanced and used technology to ensure that information of whichever form is preserved and retrieved when required. Electronic sources are now being used to store whatever knowledge is available. However, the information already lost remains irretrievable thereby creating an inconsistency of knowledge over generations. Quite a big chunk of the historic knowledge has been lost through disasters making us deficient of it and unable to decipher what it was all about. Library destruction has been an issue that has denied the current society of the need to link modernity with some historic knowledge. These destructions have been under the influence of human intents based on certain motivations or just by accident. Human-made activities make the bulk of the destroyed books and other knowledge carrying materials. There are key incidences in history that have led to massive destruction of knowledge. Firstly, the destruction of the Library of Alexandria in the ancient Egypt is one of the landmark knowledge losses in the early history. It is reported that the library contained a collection of many works to the extent of attracting the earlier scholars who are said to have converted the library to be their study base. Many papyrus scrolls and books not only had massive information about the early culture but also knowledge based on religion, philosophy, and economics among other areas. Being one of the early centers of civilization and the proximity with Rome and Greece provided a perfect location knowledge sharing and acquisition. It is not clear whether the library was destroyed by fire or several destruc tive events but it was completely ruined with all the knowledge it carried. Closely related to it was the Library of the Serapeum that became the alternative of the early scholars after the one in Alexandria was destroyed. This library was too destroyed by burning and looting of the resources thereof. Some reports have indicated that the destruction of the library was catalyzed by the order given by Theodosius I, making the library to be burnt to ashes. This led to destruction of the books and scrolls that had remained from the destruction of the Library of Alexandria. The cultural knowledge was the main victim of the two incidences in early Egypt. Another ancient incidence that caused destruction of a wealth of resourceful information is the destruction of Nalanda in India around 1193 AD. Nalanda was one the revered religious learning centers in India; highly regarded for the position that it had given Buddhism. It had wealth of knowledge contained in books that attracted people fr om as far as China, Persia, Greece and Tibet. The great library was destroyed in a war by Muslim army from Turkey, they set fire on it and is reported to have destroyed all the documents and books contained therein. The library was so big that it burnt for almost three months. Apart from the loss of the knowledge that was present in the library resources, the culture as well as Buddhism was adversely affected. In addition, religious affiliated

Quotation Analysis A raisin in the sun Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Quotation Analysis A raisin in the sun - Essay Example A clear theme that emerges from this quotation is Mama and Walter’s desires to have financial stability. MAMA: Oh – So now it’s life. Money is life. Once upon a time freedom used to be life – now it’s money. (Hansberry 522)†. The excerpt from Hansberry’s play represents Mama’s words in Act 1, scene II. Her words express her wonder as to why Walter always speaks of money. According to Walter, success is dependent on an individual’s perspective.. Besides depicting the Mama and Walters’ struggles, the excerpt epitomizes the difference between ideals held by young and elderly generations. Mama represents the elderly generation that views social life as fundamental and promotes family ties. Walter, contrary to Mama, represents the young generation. Walter perceives having money as ultimate freedom, even at the expense of family ties. The young generation has love for money and other material possessions, but disregards f amily ties that promote family life. Asagai expresses deep passion for money. This excerpt from Hansberry represents a conversation between Asagai and Beneatha. The two characters had a conflict following Bobo’s information to them that Walter incurred loss of money in investments. â€Å"ASAGAI: Then isn’t there something wrong in a house – in a world – where all dreams, good or bad, must depend on the death of a man? (Hansberry 565)†. Beneatha expresses cynicism over perceived challenges in the future caused by the loss in investment. It also connotes the characters’ crave to be wealthy. Based on their reactions to the news of loss in investments, it is evident that Asagai and Beneatha value money compared to social dimensions of life including family relations. Mama’s words express disappointment and discontentment about the loss. In this excerpt, Mama speaks to Beneatha concerning Walter’s loss of money. She expresses